Exam1StudyGuide

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010

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Exam #1 Study Guide Person Places Peoples Battles/Wars General Pastoralists nomadic societies of people who excelled in fighting Sumerians the creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization cities were surrounded by walls origins of the Sumerians are unclear Hyksos a pastoralist, semitic people from Western Asia who used horse-drawn war chariots chariots were the single most important thing that enabled them to overtake the Egyptians Indo-Europeans linguistic label, the “mother” label of groups that spoke languages derived from a single parent tongue these include Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and the Germanic Languages can also describe groups of people from the above regions Hittites one of the largest pastoralist empires invaded Egypt played a trick on Rameses which resulted in battle then treaty Hittite empire entered dark age later on and every trace of them was gone Phoenicians Mesopotamia the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, “the land between the rivers” establishment of irrigation and agriculture made way for successful civilization Pylos one of the biggest city-states in Mycenaean Greece attacked and destroyed by mystery pastoralists who left and took nothing no population remained, nothing was recovered Assyrian Empire a semitic people conquered Persians during the reign of Shalmaneser III largest empire conquered during their peak empire was overthrown in 605 BCE after civil war and imbalance of power Assyrian empire replaced by Media, Lydia, Babylonia, and Egypt Sparta one of the biggest city states in Greece dominant military power of the time leading force of the unified Greek military during Greco-Persian Wars (with Athens)

an emerging power after the fall of the Hittites and the weakening of Egypt a semitic speaking people from Canaan, along the Mediterranean coast one of the first peoples to invent an alphabet (eventually passed to the Greeks) monotheistic beliefs Minoans earliest civilization in the Aegean region, on the island of Crete named after Minos, legendary king of Crete in religion and language, they were not Greek collapsed suddenly and catastrophically around 1450 BCE Mycenaeans part of the Indo-Europeans family civilization reached its highest point between 1400 and 1200 BCE strongest power, being a warrior people, may have conquered Crete (according to Homer) prospered under King Leonidas, until he died on the battlefield fighting Persia polytheistic politics ran an oligarchy Athens one of the 2 major city-states in Greece only surviving area after all of Greece was destroyed by the pastoralists democracy originated from Athens aided the Ionians in their (failed) revolt against Persia Persian Empire led by Cyrus the Great, who was related to the Median royalty conquers all of the middle east under Cyrus Cambyses II, Cyrus’ son, conquers Egypt and Nubia Darius I, Cambyses II’s cousin, conquers central Asia, India, and land near Danube and Greece greatest territorial extent conquered up to this point Macedonia dominant city-state of Hellenistic Greece under reign of Philip II, making up the region north of the Aegean sea brieﬂy the most powerful empire in the world kings wielded absolute power, used gold and silver to mint currency and finance their armies & navies Sargon “Sargon the Great” first ruler of the Akkadian empire first person in recorded history to rule an empire (?) Chariot key weapon of war during the bronze age two-wheeled carriage pulled by horses, usually carrying two soldiers

known for his conquests of the Sumerian city states Hammurabi was a king of the old babylonian empire wrote the Code of Hammurabi (Hammurabi’s Code) which he said came from the God of Justice first law codes to establish presumption of innocence and place emphasis on punishment of perpetrator rather than compensation for the victim Menes the first pharaoh of first unified Egyptian state also established the first unified Egyptian state (Upper and Lower Egypt) also went by the name “Narmer” Khufu commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza under his rule as pharaoh buried in a tomb palace inside the Great Pyramid built 3 pyramids during reign Cyrus II Cyrus the Great 1st of Kings of Kings grandpa was Median King but Cyrus II overthrew him Ahmose I the ruling Pharaoh who would lead the Egyptians in the revolt against the Hyksos pursues Egyptian liberation which starts the last great period of ancient Egyptian history Hatshepsut first female ruler in history mysteriously stopped ruling and all traces of her disappeared Thuthmosis III “Thuthmosis the Great” collapse of bronze age caused by defeat of the chariot overcome by the pastoralists who used the javelin Ugarit a surviving letter written by the king of Ugarit to a neighboring city in the Near East, warning of the “sea peoples” and asking for help written on the last day that Ugarit was standing before being destroyed and entering a Dark Age Dark Age period of history lasting from 1200 BCE to 750 BCE major cultural, political, and military shifts occurred destruction of settlements and collapse of socioeconomic system known as “dark age” because little written evidence exists from the time centered around Greek mainland and Aegean Sea Archaic Age followed the Greek Dark Ages from 800 BCE until the second Persian invasion of Greece which began the Golden/Classical Age in 480 BCE poleis were established during this time Hoplite a soldier armed with iron instead of bronze (or anything else) hoplite armor enabled affordability amongst more citizens which meant more could participate in assembly iron gave an advantage on the battlefield, particularly against the Persians

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ruled after Hatshepsut had one goal, conquer a vast Egyptian empire conquered and ruled the largest empire in the world up until that point led battle of Megiddo Rameses II “Rameses the Great” inherited the weakened Egyptian empire with the goal of strengthening it marched north towards the Near East into Qadesh to defeat Hittites makes peace treaty with Hittites by marrying the Princess Darius I Persian ruler, the third King of Kings “Darius the Great” ruled the Persian empire at its territorial peak battled for the throne after his distant cousin and predecessor, Cyrus the Great, died Xerxes the fourth King of Kings, “Xerxes the Great” (was not very great) personally led a 200,000 man Persian army into Greece to subjugate the Greeks few victories, then large defeat at Battle of Salamis (Xerxes retreated with bulk of army) Alexander III “Alexander the Great,” King of Macedonia, Persia, and Pharaoh of Egypt created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India tutored by Aristotle undefeated in battle and considered to be one of the greatest and most successful military commanders overthrew Darius III and broke the power of Achaemenid Persia Polis distinctively Greek city-state political entities ruled by their bodies of citizens (direct democracy) describes the body of citizens under the city’s jurisdiction Oligarchy “rule by few” Sparta was one of the first to use this type of ruling Democracy “rule by many” originated in Athens Zoroastrianism the religion of the Persians which consisted of only two gods - a good and bad god Satrap/Satrapy a governor of provinces in the Median and Achaemenid empires served as a viceroy to the king satrapy is the territory governed by the satrap

his death marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period Darius III last king of kings of Persia succeeded by Alexander the Great satrapy of Armenia Philip II Philip II of Macedon father of Alexander the Great Persian War the Persian attempt to conquer Greece which went on for 1000+ years consisted of many battles which ultimately ended with the Battles of Thermopylae (Leonidas dies with “300”), Salamis (Xerxes ﬂees to Persia after losing Naval war), and Platea (Greeks defeat remaining Persians on land) Battle of Marathon Persia marches 20,000 soldiers into Marathon 9,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans meet the Persians Greeks dressed in hoplite armor, defeat the Persians, who ﬂee back to Persia Darius I of Persia vows to take revenge Battle of Salamis the Persians moved south after Leonidas and the 300 Greeks die, destroying Athens Xerxes opts for Naval fight in the Salamis channel Greeks destroy the Persian ﬂeet, Xerxes retreats back to Persia leaving his army Battle of Plataea 70,000 Persians remain in Greece at Plataea, the Greeks defeat the remaining Persians, outnumbered with hoplite advantage The Epic of _________ - Gilgamesh ______’s Code - Hammurabi Name jobs mentioned in “Be a Scribe” - Washerman - Maker of pots - Cobbler - Watchman - Merchant - Carpenter - Shipwright - Soldier