ANTH_1150 - W2, L1

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University of Guelph *

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1150

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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NOTES Key Points from Chapter 4 of Ferraro, Cultural Anthro - Theory is an explanatory or analytical framework for understanding facts - Anthropological theories are connected to the culture and worldview of the societies that produce them - When done with care, anthropological theory can help to solve societal problems. This is particularly relevant to the sub-field of Applied Anthropology Historical Background - exploration, colonization, and the evolutionary paradigm The beginnings of a new discipline - European exploration and colonization - E.G. Charles Darwin (HMS Beagle Voyage, Captain James Cook, and Simon Fraser - The enlightenment and ideas about science and “progress” - The Industrial Revolution, Social Change, and Social Unrest in Europe - Easy Thinkers - Auguste Compte (1798-1857) - Compte’s new science, “sociology”, included what is now called social or cultural anthropology - Influence of Charles Darwin’s ideas about biological evolution The Evolutionist Paradigm - Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881), Ancient Society , published in 1977 - EB Taylor (1832-1917), Primitive Culture, published in 1871 - Karl Marx (1818-1833), and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), numerous publications Lewis Henry Morgan’s “Ethnical periods” - Lower, middle, and upper savagery - Lower, middle, and upper barbarism and civilization - Morgan used technology, economic relationships, and kinship to devise his theory - Influenced Marx and Engel’s historical materialism - “Armchair Anthropology” EB Taylor’s Defintion of Culture - “...that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Of course, it is not limited to men.” 1871 Early Theories and Thinkers - Diffusionism: All societies change as a result of cultural borrowing - Functionalism: Society is like a biological organism with many interconnected parts, and it cannot exist withoutthese various parts. Intensive empirical fieldwork is needed to understand these parts. Bronislaw Malinowski, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown - Hiatorical Particularism: A culture’s history must be understood in order to understand its cultural elements. Fieldwork must precede cultural theories. Franz Boas, A. Kroeber

“Fieldwork” and a Paradigm Shift - Anthropologists get out of their armchairsand begin to visit and interact with the people they are writing and thinking about, which leads to changes in the way anthropologists think about culture and society - Chapters cover a wide range of theoretical perspectives and methods: - Political Economy, Interpretive Anthropology, CMA (Farmer) Participant Observation, Rapid Ethnographic Assessment, Community Engaged Research, Feminist Anthropology

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