PSYCH 344 EXAM NOTES

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University of Alberta *

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344

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Anglocentrism - using anglo or white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretation and judgements of behaviors and attitudes Cultural Capital - certain bodies of cultural knowledge and cultural competencies, including the ability to use digital media effectively Cultural Humanity - being aware of one's cultural limitations and taking an other oriented approach in encounters Colonialism - united to form one state, European powers lumped diverse groups, differing in language, culture, religion, or identity together into one Demographics - characteristic of a population - as classified by age, race, ethnicitiy, sex, income Dialogical Approach - emphasizes the importance of relationships and dialogues between individuals and communities in wrestling with ethics Diasporic Group - ethnic and or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world - Develop and maintain relationships between individuals and communities Diversity - quality of being different Ethics - principles of conduct that help govern the behavior of individuals or groups - What is god and what is bad Ethnocentrism - a tendency to think that our own culture is superior to others Global Village - Marshall McLuhan, refers to a world where technological communication unites people Heterogeneous - differences in a group, culture, population Homogenous - similarity in a group, culture, population Identity Management - the way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts Immigrants - people who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently Maquiladoras - plants or factories that are established on the US-Mexican border - Workers produce goods for the US markets - Lower labor costs, tax breaks, related environmental regulations Melting Pot - metaphor saying everyone will assimilate into the US majority culture Multinational Corporation - corporations that have operations in more than two nations

Nativistic - extremely patriotic to the point of being anti immigrant Self Reflexivity - a process of learning to understand ourselves and our position in society Afrocentricity - african american cultural standards, Anxiety uncertainty management theory (AUM) - explains the role of anxiety and uncertainty in individuals communicating with host culture members when they enter a new culture - Predicts certain optimal levels of uncertainty and anxiety - How they motivate individual to engage in successful interaction Collectivistic - focus on group goals, beliefs, needs, views Communication accommodation theory - attempt to identify how and when individual accommodate their speech and nonverbal behavior to others during an interaction Conceptual equivalence - the similarity of linguistic terms and meanings across cultures Conversational Constraints Theory - attempts to explain how and why people make conversation choices - 5 universal conversational constraints - 1. Clarity, 2. Minimizing imposition, 3. Considering other people's feelings, 4. Risking negative evaluation by the hearer, 5. Effectiveness - Individualist more concerned with clarity - Collectivists concerned about hurting other people's feelings and minimizing impositio Critical Approach - Goal to change behaviour - Subjective and material assumption of reality - Changeable - Textual analysis method of study - POWER - CRITQUEs = be aware of essentializing stereotypes Cross cultural training - training people to become familiar with other cultural norms Dialectic - there are six dialectics - 1. Cultural - individual dialectic - 2. Personal - contextual dialectic

- 3. Differences - similarities dialectic - 4. Static - dynamic dialectic - 5. history/past - present/future dialectic - 6. Privilege - disadvantage dialectic Dialectic approach - integrates three approaches to intercultural communication - social science, interpretive, and critical Diffusion of innovation theory - Everett Rogers, explains how cultural practices can be changed due to communication - Explains innovation and behaviors are rejected and some are accepted - In order for people to accept a new technology, they see the usefulness of it and it has to be compatible with their values and lifestyle Distance zones - distance zones that people interact and suggest depending on the situation - Intimate - Personal - Social - Public Diversity training - facilitates intercultural communication among members of various gender, ethnic, and racial groups Emic - phonemic, understand from inside Ethnography - patterned interaction and significant symbols of specific cultural groups Etic - phonetic, understand from outside or a distance Face negotiation theory - Ting Toomey - The view that cultural groups vary in preferences for conflict styles and face saving strategies - Face = sense of favorable self worth, always concerned with saving face - Conflict is a face negotiation process where people have their face questioned Functionalist approach Hybrid identity Individualistic - the tendency to emphasize individual identities, needs, beliefs Intercultural competence - the ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting cross cultures

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Interdisciplinary - integrating knowledge from different disciplines in conducting research Interpretive approach - anthropology discipline - Describe behaviour - Subjective assumption of reality - Creative and voluntary assumption of human behaviour - Participant observation study method - Culture is created and maintained through communication - CONTEXT - Using language to describe human behavior - Goal is to understand and describe human behavior - Qualitative methods - Contextual symbolic meaning - Geertz - Bottom up approach - CRITIQUES = thick descriptions, need to live as one of them, symbolic and subjective VS material culture Macro Contexts - the political and social structures that influence communication Paradigm - worldview, framework that serves as a worldview Participant observation - interact extensively with cultural group being studies Perception - the process by which individuals select and organize and interpret external and internal stimuli to create a view of the world Postcolonialism - an intellectual, political, and cultural movement that calls for the independence of colonized states and liberation from colonialism mentalities and ways of thinking Processual Proxemics - the study of how people use personal space to communicate Qualitative methods - gathering data by questionnaire or observing subjects first hand, quantity, numbers Quantitative methods Rhetorical approach - examine and analyze texts or public speeches in the contexts of which they occur - Texts or oral discourses

Sapir whorph hypothesis - developed by Sapir and Whorf, explores the assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality Social reproduction - recreate social patterns Social science approach - psychology discipline - Quantitative method - gather data by questionnaires or observing - Describe and predict behaviour - External and describable assumption of reality - Predictable - Use survey and observation to study - Communication is influenced by culture - Emphasizes statistical measures - Learned patterns of behaviour and attitudes shared by a group of people - CRITIQUES = culture used as an independent variable, culture as categorical, culture as equivalent to nations Textual analysis - analyze cultural products media as voices in shaping culture Translational equivalence - linguistic sameness that is developed when translating back and forth Variable - can be measured Worldview - underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behaviors Autoethnography - writing about one's own experiences, research method where write about own experience Communication - a symbolic process where reality is maintained, transformed, and repaired - Social science- components of communication - sender/receiver, message, channel, and context, emphasize that communication tends to be patterned and predicted - Interpretive - symbolic, processual nature of communication - Critical - importance of societal forces in the communication process, not equal but in a social hierarchy Communication rules Cultural values - worldview of a cultural group and its set out beliefs Culture - learned pattern of behaviour and attitudes shared by a group of people

Embodied ethnocentrism - feeling comfortable and familiar in the spaces, behaviours, and actions of others in our own cultural groups Ethnography of communication - interpretive approach - Verbal and nonberal symbolic meaning in an attempt to understand patterns and rules of communication Indulgent orientation - enjoy life, YOLO Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck - suggest that all members of a cultural group must answer the following questions - What is human nature? - What is the relationship between humans and nature? - What is the relationship between humans? - What is the preferred personality? - What is the orientation toward time? Restraint orientation - restrictions Long term orientation - long term responses, larger purpose Short term orientation - focus on quick results Masculinity - femininity value - gender specific roles are value, and the degree to which cultural groups are masculine valued or feminine Performative - acting or presenting oneself in a certain way to accomplish ones goal Power distance - extent to which less powerful members of institution and organizations within country expect and accept the unequal distribution of power Symbolic significance - the importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to a communication activity Uncertainty avoidance - the degree to which people who feel threatened by ambiguous situations respond by avoiding them or trying to establish more structure to compesnate for uncertainty Hofstede - 5 areas - Power distance - Femininity versus masculinity - Long term versus short term - Indulgence versus restraint - Indulgence - YOLO

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- Restraint - suppression and restrictions - Uncertainty avoidance - Way of dealing with uncertainty, controlling aggression, and expressing emotions Chronemics - concept of time and rules of time - Monochronic - concept of time as a commodity, one event happening at a time, value being punctual and keeping to schedules - Polychronic - time is holistic, more circular, several events can happen at once Contact Cultures - people tend to stand close together while talking and engaging in more direct eye contact, face to face interactions Cultural Spaces - the social and cultural contexts in which our identity forms, where we grow up and where we live - Influence how we think about ourselves and others - Home - earliest cultural space - Neighbourhood - significant type of cultural space that emerge in US - Emphasize power influences intercultural contact - Changing cultural spaces - Travelling - leisure activity, transform the traveller - Migration - relocation Deception - the act of making someone believe what is not true Discriminaton - behaviors resulting from stereotypes or prejudice Eye contact - regulates interpersonal distance - Direct eye contact - shortens the distance between two people - Less eye contact - increases the distance between two people Expectancy violations theory - the view that when someones nonverbal behaviour violates our expectations, these violations will be perceived negatively or positively Facial expressions - facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes Ekman - 6 Basic emotions - happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, and surprise Monochronic

Noncontact cultures - people tend to stand further apart when conversion, maintain less eye contact, and touch less often Non verbal communication - reinforces the verbal behaviours Paralinguistics - refers to the study of paralanguage, vocal behaviors that indicate how something is said Polychronic Postmodern cultural spaces - places that are defined by cultural practices and they often change as new people move in and out of these spaces Proxemics - personal space, the study of how people use space everyday - Fixed feature - set boundaries - Semi fixed space - fixed boundaries such a furniture - Informal space - personal space, bubble or personal zone Regionalism - loyalty to a particular region Relational messages - information on how the talker wants to be understood and viewed b the listener - Communicated through eye gaze, posture, tone, facial expressions Semiotics - or semiology, examine how different signs communicate meaning Semiosis - production of meaning and is constructed through the interpretation of signs Signified - referred to by the signifiers, expressed in arbitrary words Signifiers - culturally constructed arbitrary words or symbols we use to refer to something else Signs - the combination of signifiers and signified, the meaning that emerges status - power, communicated by non verbal communication, the position an individual holds in society Vocalizations - sounds we utter that do not have the structure of language Voice qualities - tone of voice, includes speed, pitch, rhythm, range, articulation Mimicry - interaction when adopt similar postures, gestures, and mannerisms Gestures Self awareness imperative - begins as a journey into another culture and ends as a journey into ones own culture

Demographic imperative - increase of communication, groups come together and bring different knowledge Economic imperative - world market, globalization Globalization - creation of a world market Technological imperative - online communication, expand understanding and identify conflict and management - Global village - we are all connected by technology Peace Imperative - working to co exist and live peacefully, lessen conflicts - Dialogical approach - importance of relationships and conversations - Relative - based on context - Universal - ALL right or wrong Self Reflexivity - need to do as listen and learn Cultural Humanity - culturally humble Franz Boas - culture must be understood in terms of unique history and context - Cultural relativism - there is not one culture, it varies in terms of groups and contexts Emile Durkheim - cultures are functional and have adaptive value, culture keeps society functioning Clifford Geertz - in order to understand, we must live in the group to learn the culture Action Approach - culture is a process of meaning making, collection of meaning, not an entity Values - principle that guide our lives, designed to lead us to our ideal world Value dimensions - Power distance - Uncertainty avoidance - Masculinity femininity - Individualism and collectivism Time Dimensions - Short term orientation - Long term orientation - Indulgent - Restraint - Regulate and restrict

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Schema - an organized body of information including categories and their association, stored in memory, serves as the central organizing principle for our cognitions Analytic Thinking - focus on objects and their attributes and their component part, separate from context, categorization based on common traits Holistic Thinking - focus on context, objects and context are perceived together - Chinese = classical holistic Subjective Culture - characteristics way of viewing the environment Material/Objective Culture - visible to the naked eye Heines - culture is information acquired through learning from others, culture indiviates a particular group of individuals in a shared context Chiu and Hong = network of shared understandings that is distributed more of less broadly and reproduced more of less faithfully within collection of interconnected individuals Social group - 3 or more people together Social networks - network of social interaction and or relationships Egocentric - 1 person is the core or center Sociocentric - relation between groups, no core Laswell Transmission Model - Who - Says what - Which channel - To whom - Effect Mathamatical Model of Communication - Shannon and Weaver - Info source -> transmitter -- receiver -> destination - Noise - interfere - Missing = feedback, no response back to sender, no context, non verbal

5 Axioms of Communication - One cannot not communicate - Every communication has content and a relationship aspect - The nature of a relationship is contingent on punctuation - Human beings communicate digitally and analogically - Digitally - not about relationships, meaning, specific words with agreed meaning - Analogically - convey meaning, non verbal - All communicational interchanged are either symmetrical or complementary - Power relationships Signs - Index - sensory feature that correlated to the thing - Icons - pattern that resembles what is stands for, exactly - Symbols - no resemblance, stands for based on culture Sub Areas of Contemporary Research - Cross culture communication - Intergroup communication - between groups of different people, and different social groups - Critical intercultural communication - social change, power and inequality - Cultural communication - interpretive - Intercultural communication training - education ET Hall - Culture influence communication - Face Negotiation Theory - Conflict Styles - Communication creates and reinforces culture - griping - Communication resists dominant systems and bring change - Civil protest

Ontology - what is reality Epistemology - how can you know something Methodology - how you go about finding something Diffusion of Innovation Theory - in order to accept new, you must be compatible with their values and lifestyles 6 Dialectics - Cultural and individual - Personal and contextual - Static and dynamic - Differences and similarities - History.past and present/future - Privilege and disadvantage Hockett Features of Language - Arbitrariness - no natural essence but we have assigned meaning to them - Cultural Transmission - humans not born with must learn how to communicate using language - Discreteness - sounds, combine meaning - Displacement - communicate through time and across space - Duality - human ability to produce language in speaking and writing - Productivity - new ways to express ideas Phonology - sound system Morphology - basic units of meaning Syntax - grammatical and structural rules Semantics - study of the meaning of words and the relationship between words Pragmatics - use of language

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Speech Acts - Locutionary Act - informational level - Illocutionary Act - acts to express something to another person - Perlocutionary Act - effects on the hearer Grices Four Maxims - Quantity - sating what is required, to the point - Quality - be genuine, and sincere - Relation/Relevance - be relevant and to the point - Manner - clear as possible Facework (brown) - Negative face - Positive face Direct Speech - reveals true intentions, relevant, true feelings, reveals personal information, precise Indirect Speech - not reveal true intentions, no info, understatements High context messages - INDIRECT Low context messages - direct, include most of the info in the explicit code Attitude - mental and neural state Standard Speech Style - prestige form of a language, higher status group in a society Non Standard Form - any variant form of standard language, associated with low SES

Inherent Value Hypothesis - it becomes more prestige since it is aesthetically ideal Imposed Norm Hypothesis - non standard form is viewed negatively because of social norms that are biased against it, not due to appealing aspect Social Exchange Theory - goal attainment Similarity Attraction Hypothesis - attraction towards those with similar communication and speeches style Causal attributions - why people speak and communicate the way they do Communication Accommodation Strategies - COnvergence - moderation of a speech style to become more similar to the interactant - Divergence - difference between many features, sound very different - Maintence - maintain to own Over Accomodation - slow speech rate too much, over doing it Under Accomodation - speaking too fast, not accommodating Types of Nonverbal Communication - Kinesis- facial expressions, body movement, and gestures - Oculesics - eye gaze and contact - Proxemics - the use of interpersonal space - Haptics - touch - Olfacics - smell - Chronemics - time - Paralinguistics - vocal cues and silence Neuro-cultural Theory- basic facial expressions are inheritired, innate to all human beings 3 functions of oculesics - Communicate information

- Regulate interaction - Exercise control Gestures - Dialectic - indicate reference in the immediate environment - Representational - refers to an object, person, or veent through hand or body movement - Iconic - form of transparently tied to the meaning - Conventional - form is arbitrarily tied to the meaning Proxemics - Intimate - 18 inches - Personal - 18 inches to 4 feet - Social - 4 feet to 12 feet - Public - 12 feet to more Immediacy - the perception of physical and psychological closeness between communicators High - contact = close as positive Low-contact culture = close as negative

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