ANTH*1150 EXAM Quizlet questions

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University of Guelph *

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1150

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Chapter 1 - What is Anthropology? 1. How does a holistic perspective influence the way anthropologists conduct cultural research?  Anthropologists explore the ways that cultural elements are connected. 2. By employing a comparative perspective, anthropologists are able to accomplish which of the following?  Determine universal cultural patterns as well as document cultural diversity. 3. Which of the following summarizes what anthropologists mean by symbolic culture?  the thoughts and ideas people have and how they convey them to others 4. You are writing a thesis on the costumes and jewelry women wear for puberty initiations in a West African society. Which of the following is your primary focus of study?  an aspect of the society's material culture 5. How is anthropology uniquely positioned to add insights into the processes of globalization?  The comparative perspective of anthropology offers a window into how cultures change over time. 6. What is ethnology?  the comparison of ethnographic data in order to generate theories that explain cultural processes 7. Which of the following correctly summarizes two of the opposing views surrounding female genital mutilation (FGM)?  Opponents feel it should be stopped because it causes long-term health issues, while proponents say it conveys positive messages about womanhood. 8. Which of the following is a cultural practice that has had an impact on the spread of malaria in West Africa?  Clearing land for farming created breeding grounds for mosquitoes. 9. An archaeological excavation revealed an ancient site with a mix of large, elaborately constructed buildings and smaller, simpler dwellings. In addition, the site included burials in which some people were interred with jewelry and pottery while others were not. Which of the following would be a reasonable conclusion?  Members of the society had differential access to wealth and power. 10. Which of the following summarizes the role of ethnocentrism in terms of how missionaries and government officials approached the potlatch rituals of the Pacific Northwest?  They could not recognize the cultural value of the potlatch because they thought the right thing to do was to accumulate wealth. 11. A forensic anthropologist would work on which of the following projects?  establishing whether or not a deceased individual was the victim of war crimes

12. Why were applied archaeologists working near Lake Titicaca interested in recreating ancient farming methods?  They wanted to help local farmers increase their productivity. 13. Which of the following is an example of a project that would fall under the category of applied anthropology?  interviewing members of a community in order to figure out the best way to provide access to medical care while respecting local healing traditions 14. Construction on a new highway that will run through an ancient religious site is about to begin. In order to assess the impact of the construction project and salvage the site, a person working in which of the following fields should be called in?  cultural resource management (CRM) 15. Which of the following is the best summary statement about applied anthropology?  it draws from and intersects with the four major subfields of anthropology. 16. Employing anthropology’s holistic perspective can offer a better understanding of which of the following?  how gender expectations are connected to economic patterns 17. Which of the following best summarizes what is meant by globalization?  People are joined through networks of power, communication, and exchange across many geographical areas. 18. Which of the following approaches to studying Balinese basketry would Marcus take to acknowledge the integration of symbolic and material culture?  examining how the basket is used and constructed in relation to local forms of exchange, food production, and gender expectations 19. Which of the following statements about anthropology's comparative perspective is true?  It facilitates a better understanding of one's own culture as well as culture change over time. 20. Why is the work of linguistic anthropologists who are documenting indigenous languages considered critical?  Many indigenous languages are on the verge of extinction 21. Why are lactase-deficiency, skin color, and lung capacity of interest to biological anthropologists?  They are examples of human biological diversity related to the intersection of biology, the environment, and culture. 22. Which of the following statements accepts cultural relativism while rejecting ethical relativism?  Cultures should be understood on their own terms, but not used to excuse violence and other harmful practices. 23. Which of the following summarizes the basic difference between the methods used by archaeologists and cultural anthropologists?

 Archaeologists rely on an analysis of material culture and physical remains, while cultural anthropologists conduct primary research with living people. 24. A good example of applying anthropological understanding and perspectives in a nonacademic setting is which of the following?  a biological anthropologist using the methods of forensic anthropology to assist a police department in solving a crime 25. Which of the following correctly matches the type of applied anthropologist with an appropriate sector of employment?  cultural anthropologist and business corporation 26. Which of the following would be an example of how an applied cultural anthropologist might be involved in a legal dispute between a government and an indigenous community over land rights?  The anthropologist might offer court testimony concerning the social importance of ancestral lands to the indigenous community. 27. Which of the following differentiates the work of anthropologists from that of sociologists?  an emphasis on the way culture influences behavior 28. Which of the following best describes what "fieldwork" encompasses for a cultural anthropologist?  living for an extended period of time among a group of people in order to document their beliefs and behaviors 29. Which of the following assumptions made by early cultural anthropologists has been discarded by contemporary researchers?  Anthropologists should focus their research on small societies that have been isolated from Western influences because they serve as a "natural laboratory" for investigating the human condition. 30. How does linguistic anthropology differ from the general field of linguistics?  It focuses on the social and cultural dimensions of language. Chapter 2 - The Nature and Culture 1. Why did Edward Tylor stress the idea that members of a society, rather than simply individuals, acquire culture?  People learn and transmit culture through their interactions with one another. 2. Which of the following is characteristic of all definitions of culture?  They include statements about human behavior, group activities, and shared knowledge and beliefs. 3. Which of the following fall under the category of cultural behaviors?  the activities involved in acquiring food, creating shelter, and providing leadership

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4. When people design homes, they consider the relationships of the people who will live there, whether specific areas should be public or private, the local climate, and available building materials. All of these considerations draw on which of the following?  cultural knowledge 5. Which of the following statements about culture and globalization is accurate?  While many forces of globalization are tied to only a few dominant cultures, the opportunity for resistance from local cultures also exists. 6. Which of the following illustrates the premise that cultures are integrated systems?  religious laws that dictate how food should be obtained, processed, and consumed 7. Which of the following is brought about through the sharing of cultural models and norms?  social cohesion 8. How does gender affect cultural distinctions within a society?  Men and women typically have different tasks to do in the home and the community. 9. An American woman assuming that it is her responsibility to make breakfast and change the baby's diapers illustrates which of the following?  a naturalized concept 10. What do the long-term problems caused by the technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution reveal about culture?  Some cultural practices may be maladaptive. 11. Which of the following is an example of a revitalization movement?  A prophet from a colonized cultural group leads his people in a return to traditional cultural practices. 12. Which of the following best illustrates a reactive adaptation?  A minority cultural group violently reacts against oppression from the dominant cultural group. 13. Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion?  the adoption of pottery styles and motifs by neighboring villages 14. An indigenous group is colonized by a European culture. Within the span of two generations the indigenous group has given up its traditional culture for the culture of the colonizers. This indigenous group’s experience illustrates which process of culture change?  Assimilation 15. How do evolutionary biologists today differ from the social Darwinists of early cultural anthropology?  Evolutionary biologists today believe that all humans equally possess the capacity for culture and adaptation.

16. Tessa is a development anthropologist. Which of the following is a project she might work on?  working with local farming communities to create more efficient irrigation systems in dry climates 17. Which of the following have the greatest impact on globalization today?  multinational corporations 18. People who support the concept of polarization believe which of the following?  Globalization is causing non-European cultures to resist joining a single world culture. 19. How are many indigenous cultures affected by globalization?  Many indigenous cultures are losing their traditional ways of life as a result of globalization. 20. How does the idea of homogenization differ from hybridization?  In the homogenization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating cultural diversity as people combine elements from multiple cultures. 21. In addition to cultural knowledge, culture includes which of the following?  people's social and cultural skills and behaviors 22. The way culture is shared may vary according to which of the following?  a person's age, gender, or social status 23. In one society, canoes and fishing techniques are used to provide a dietary mainstay for the community, whereas in another they are central to leisure activities. In the first society, canoes and fishing techniques would be part of the society’s __________.  cultural core 24. What are the implications of the idea that cultures are integrated?  Changes in one cultural sector are likely to lead to changes in another. 25. What does it mean for culture to be adaptive?  People make cultural changes in response to the environment that enhance their chances of survival. 26. A child plays a game in which she imitates her mother cooking dinner. This illustrates which of the following?  an informal process of enculturation 27. Which of the following is the best example of a symbol?  a member of a culture displays a flag to indicate allegiance to her country 28. How does a subculture differ from a counterculture?

 A subculture is a group with different ways of life from the people in the larger society; a counterculture is a group that is in active opposition to the culture of the larger society. 29. Which of the following is an example of syncretism?  West Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves combined the characteristics of spirits from their native religions with those of Catholic saints to create new religious beliefs and practices. 30. Why is “culture history” a more apt term than “cultural evolution”?  “Cultural evolution” implies that cultures improve over time whereas “culture history” implies that cultural change is neutral. 31. How does colonization or conquest typically result in cultural change?  Indigenous peoples are often forced to conform to at least some of the cultural practices of the colonizers. 32. In what way was social Darwinism based on faulty reasoning?  It ignored outside events and developments that allowed some cultures to dominate others. 33. People who support the concept of hybridization believe that globalization is accomplishing which of the following?  promoting cultural vitality as societies combine elements of a global culture with their traditional cultures 34. How has globalization changed over the last few hundred years?  Globalization today is happening faster and on a larger scale than ever before. 35. How does assimilation differ from acculturation?  Assimilation involves abandoning much of one’s culture for the dominant culture whereas acculturation involves maintaining much of one’s original cultural identity while still interacting with the dominant culture. Chapter 4 - Language and Culture 1. Why have researchers attempted to teach nonhuman primates visual forms of language rather than spoken language?  Nonhuman primates do not have the physical vocal structures necessary to produce human spoken language. 2. Which of the following statements about the productivity feature of language is true?  The number of unique utterances possible in human language is unlimited. 3. The fruit called “apple” in English is called “manzana” in Spanish and “pomme” in French. What does this example illustrate about the nature of human language?  The association between sounds and what they represent is arbitrary. 4. Why are animal sounds that indicate food sources considered similar to human utterances that involve displacement?

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 They reference objects that are not in the immediate vicinity. 5. In what way is a phoneme different from a phone?  It is the minimal unit of sound that serves to distinguish the meaning of one word from another. 6. Why is the concept of "interactional meaning" important in linguistics?  because the same words can have different meanings depending on the speakers' relationships and the setting and context of the linguistic exchange 7. In English, word order often follows this pattern: subject, verb, object. This pattern would be of interested to someone studying which of the following?  Syntax 8. According to universal semantics, which units of meaning would apply to the term “mare”?  countable, nonhuman, adult 9. Which argument supports the proposition that “-ed” is a morpheme in English?  It is a set of sounds that conveys the meaning of past tense. 10. Humans and primates show similarities in which of the following forms of nonverbal communication?  the expression of emotion through facial cues 11. What effect has globalization had on the human use of gestures?  A few gestures have been adopted widely throughout the world across many different cultures. 12. Which of the following distinguishes an emblem from other forms of body language?  An emblem has acquired a specific meaning and may be substituted for spoken words. 13. What action might a person from the United States take in order to assert dominance in a conversation?  bring their face very close to the other person's face 14. Based on the findings of both the Israeli study concerning intercultural communication and primate studies of nonverbal communication, which of the following would be a legitimate conclusion?  Much of human, nonverbal communication is the result of cultural learning rather than biological predisposition. 15. Linguistic diversity in the United States is primarily the result of which of the following?  a history of immigration 16. Which of the following statements about African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is correct?  AAVE has fully developed rules of syntax.

17. In addition to curbing the loss of indigenous languages, revitalization programs can be expected to have which of the following results?  the preservation and transmission of indigenous beliefs, values, and knowledge 18. Which of the following statements summarizes the basic premise of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?  The way people think is influenced by the language they speak. 19. What is the particular strength of the Bridge AAVE-based reading program?  It combines cultural and linguistic aspects of reading that are familiar to the children. 20. Which of the following illustrates a communication failure based on the misunderstanding of a cultural presupposition?  An American responds to a passerby's query of "How are you?" with a detailed account of his current medical problems. 21. An “ethnography of communication” would include which of the following?  detailed descriptions of the participants, setting, and topics of discussion related to a specific speech event 22. Which of the following differentiate computer-mediated communication (CMC) from other forms of written communication?  Participants regularly use abbreviations and sentence fragments. 23. Which of the following would you expect to discover from the componential analysis of a language used in an agricultural society?  a vocabulary with specialized words for farming tools, types of soil, and stages of plant development 24. How do cultural presuppositions and pragmatics assist in human communication?  Spoken language allows room for multiple interpretations. Cultural presuppositions and pragmatics help speakers convey the particular meanings they intend. 25. Proponents of linguistic nationalism would advocate for which of the following?  preventing the adoption of loan words from other languages 26. What is usually responsible for “linguistic lag?”  the inability of a language to keep up with changing cultural beliefs and practices 27. What is the distinction between dialects and languages?  Dialects are mutually intelligible; languages are not. 28. Which of the following correctly states the relationships among creoles, pidgins, and lingua francas?  Creoles can develop from pidgins. Pidgins and creoles may become lingua francas.

29. The English word “mother” is “mutter” in German and “matar” in Sanskrit. What does the similarity of these words indicate?  The words are cognates, and the languages are likely to be related. 30. What purpose would multilingualism serve in a small-scale society?  to facilitate social and economic exchanges with other cultural groups 31. Why are some educational programs in Peru translating world literature into Quechua?  to increase the public use of Quechua and offset its decline 32. What accounts for the current wide use of Spanish and French throughout the world?  the legacy of former colonial powers 33. Which of the following would you recommend to a community that wishes to revitalize a vanishing language?  Teach the language in school, translate reading material into the language, and host community celebrations during which the language is spoken. 34. What impact do you expect Internet use to have on the diversity and distribution of human languages?  Internet use in some cases will encourage linguistic homogeneity rather than diversity. 35. The displacement feature of human language makes which of the following possible?  telling someone about what happened yesterday 36. What was the basic assumption of the 1996 Oakland, California, project in which African American children were taught in both Ebonics and Standard English?  Children would master concepts better if they learned them in their primary dialect. This would aid them in mastering Standard English. 37. Which statement best summarizes the effect of globalization on the languages of the world over the past 500 years?  The total number of languages has drastically decreased, with a few languages becoming globally dominant. 38. Pidgins differ from creole languages in that they have which of the following?  simpler syntax and reduced vocabularies 39. In American advertising, men often assume dominant postures, and women assume deferential postures. What is this an example of?  nonverbal gender-specific behavior 40. Unlike other forms of animal communication, human language allows speakers to do which of the following?  transmit cultural knowledge 41. Noam Chomsky’s concept of a universal grammar is linked to which of the following ideas?  The human brain has a built-in capacity for language learning.

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42. Which of the following procedures would help determine the phonemes in a language?  Compare nearly identical words in order to isolate the smallest sound components that differentiate their meanings. 43. Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is accurate?  As with spoken language, the meanings of gestures, intonations, and body language vary from one culture to the next. 44. If people in two regions speak the same language but use different pronunciations for some words and some different words to name the same object, you would say that they speak different __________.  Dialects 45. According to John Lucy’s study on language and cognition, a Yucatec adult would classify which of the following objects as similar?  a carved rock and a stone fence 46. Which of the following describes the process through which one dialect of a language becomes the standard for a society?  People begin to see the dialect used by the elite members of society as the correct form of the language, while other dialects come to be considered inferior. 47. Which of the following indicates a violation of a cultural presupposition involving the pragmatics of communication?  A New Yorker responds to the question “How are you?” with a lengthy discourse about his health. 48. Which of the following would support an argument that effective communication is more difficult to achieve through an exchange of emails than in person?  Meaning is conveyed through both verbal and nonverbal communicative norms such as what people are wearing, where they stand relative to one another, and the dialect they use. 49. Which of the following would help researchers determine the historical relationships among languages?  searching for similarities within core vocabularies that would indicate that the languages shared a common parent language Chapter 6 - Colonial and Cultural Transformations 1. Which of the following most enabled European colonial expansion in regions around the world?  technological advances in ships and weapons 2. Which of the following accurately describes a typical feature of European colonies?  The purpose of colonies was to produce wealth for the benefit of the home country.

3. Which of the following explains why European colonizers did not completely displace or kill the majority of the indigenous populations in their African colonies?  The colonizers in Africa were economically dependent on the labor provided by indigenous people. 4. People from a European country are settling on an island in the Pacific in order to try and convert the indigenous population to Christianity. These efforts are best interpreted as an example of which of the following?  an attempt to instill European values through missionism 5. How are “core” countries different from “periphery” countries?  “Core” countries exploit raw materials found in “peripheral” countries and then control the production and flow of goods. 6. What impact did the wealth generated through slave labor in the Americas have?  It contributed to the inception of the Industrial Revolution 7. Which of the following accurately describes the Underground Railroad?  It was an informally organized network that helped runaway slaves in the United States. 8. Which of the following was responsible for exacerbating conflicts between Native American groups in North America?  Europeans aligned themselves with indigenous groups in order to play out their own conflicts with other European nations. 9. Which of the following was a major contributing factor to the depopulation of Native Americans?  the transmission of European diseases to the Native American population 10. How were Native American gender roles affected by the fur trade?  The economic roles of men and women shifted from subsistence activities to those associated with acquiring, processing, and exchanging animal pelts. 11. How did the fur trade in North America affect indigenous economic systems?  Native Americans became increasingly reliant on European goods obtained through trade at the expense of traditional subsistence strategies. 12. Which of the following economic ideas did Europeans introduce to the indigenous communities of North America?  the concept of private property ownership 13. Which of the following statements best describes Spanish attitudes toward intermarriage between Spanish personnel and indigenous women in Mexico?  Spanish authorities encouraged intermarriage because they thought it might reduce social tensions after their conquest. 14. A Spanish colonist in the New World is granted land by the Spanish government. This land grant gives the colonists the right to use the land as well as the labor of the native

people who currently live there. This type of landholding is an example of which of the following?  an encomienda 15. How was the Incan mita system different from the labor system used by Spanish colonists?  The Inca used the mita system to build public works, whereas the Spanish used their labor system to generate profit for themselves. 16. Which of the following statements best describes the experience of mission life for indigenous people under Spanish rule?  Indigenous people were forced to convert to Catholicism and to labor on behalf of the mission system under brutal treatment. 17. Why were the Incas especially vulnerable to Spanish invasion?  They were experiencing a general decline in health due to the sedentary lifestyle and higher population density that come with a reliance on agriculture. 18. How did missionaries try to change the settlement patterns of indigenous groups?  Missionaries encouraged indigenous people to form permanent settlements near colonial trading posts and ports. 19. How did colonial economies alter the economic systems of indigenous peoples in Africa?  Colonial economies required indigenous people to earn cash rather than rely on subsistence farming or pastoralism. 20. Which of the following best describes how customary law was developed under colonial rule?  Colonial authorities selected aspects of indigenous systems of justice and adjudication to be codified into written law. 21. To what extent did the reservation system protect indigenous people's access to land?  Even after the institution of the reservation system, settlers continued to encroach on the protected areas, forcing indigenous people to move farther west. 22. How were the approaches of the French and British missionaries similar?  They attempted to attract converts through economic and political means. 23. What argument did Australian colonial authorities use to justify removing Aboriginal children from their families?  It was the best way to teach them colonial culture and would give them a better chance of fitting into colonial society. 24. What was the “white man’s burden”?  the belief that white men were superior to indigenous people and therefore had a moral obligation to protect and control them 25. Which of the following describes a prevalent European perspective on indigenous land ownership?

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 European colonists assumed that many indigenous peoples did not own land because they were noma 26. How did Sir Hubert Murray’s strategy regarding the recruitment of indigenous people to serve as police officers affect indigenous communities?  His strategy turned indigenous people against one another as the policemen became agents of colonial rule. 27. Which of the following justifications did colonial projects primarily rely on prior to the eighteenth century?  the belief in the right to claim lands that they "discovered" for their own use 28. Which of the following correctly characterizes the indigenous churches that were established in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century?  Indigenous churches in sub-Saharan Africa challenged European teachings about Christianity and the racist perspectives of European priests. 29. How did most indigenous people feel about European goods?  Most indigenous people were very interested in acquiring European goods. 30. Which of the following statements best describes the reaction of Native Americans to European colonists?  Native Americans were initially generous and friendly with Europeans, only becoming violent toward them after conflicts over land control. 31. Which of the following addresses the way religious beliefs colored Spanish encounters with the Inca?  Incan beliefs about returning deities corresponded with Spanish arrival, and some Spaniards reported being treated as returning deities. 32. Which of the following describes a way in which European colonists, Native Americans, and technology intersected?  In situations where Native Americans responded to European technology with awe and amazement, European feelings of superiority may have been strengthened. 33. Which of the following statements reflects the status of the Xingu National Park in Brazil?  After decades of attrition, the area of land and number of people living on it have increased. 34. What does it mean for a person to be xenophobic?  That person fears or hates strangers, outsiders, and foreign-born minorities. 35. Focusing on nationalism in a country often means sacrificing which of the following?  cultural diversity 36. Which of the following explains how Italian tomato sauce, such as that commonly served on spaghetti, is related to European colonialism?

 Tomatoes are native to Central America and were introduced to Italy by European explorers and colonists. 37. Which of the following is a process that is furthering globalization in the postcolonial era?  People are migrating from rural to urban areas in their own countries and emigrating to other countries. 38. Which of the following correctly expresses the relationship between colonialism and imperialism?  Colonialism is a method that has been used historically to promote a country's imperialism 39. What is one way that exploitation colonies are different from settlement colonies?  In settlement colonies the colonists are allowed to rule themselves to a certain extent, whereas in exploitation colonies the colonists are completely controlled by the home country. 40. How did the European slave trade impact the political landscape of West Africa?  In some societies, elites used the wealth they accumulated through the slave trade to consolidate and expand their political power and further the development of state societies. 41. How did the fur trade affect Native American hunting and trapping practices?  The market demands of the fur trade caused Native Americans to overtrap their territories and depopulate animals that had desirable skins. 42. Which of the following statements best describes the goals of Spanish colonists in the Americas?  The Spanish originally came to the Americas in search of gold but later focused on obtaining land to establish large plantations. 43. How did European colonial powers change indigenous traditions of justice when they incorporated them into customary law?  Europeans applied indigenous laws more rigidly, did not take context into account, and sought to assign fault rather than resolve conflict 44. What impact did colonial educational policies and programs have on indigenous children's cultural knowledge and skills?  They taught European values to indigenous youth. 45. In addition to conscription, how did the Spanish acquire people to work in their silver mines?  by taking away people's land so that they had to work in the mines 46. In which of the following ways did the introduction of cash economies affect indigenous populations?  Cash economies caused communities to splinter as people left to earn wages. 47. How did the idea of the “white man’s burden” affect the colonization of indigenous peoples?

 It provided colonists with justification for transforming and controlling indigenous people. 48. Why did Sir Hubert Murray, lieutenant governor of Papua New Guinea in the 1930s, advocate for recruiting indigenous people to serve in colonial police forces?  to foster loyalty to the government as part of a pacification policy 49. Which of the following describes how indigenous resistance to Spanish colonization unfolded in the Chiapas region of Mexico?  Indigenous communities in the Chiapas region resisted Spanish control through both military action and retreating into mountainous areas. 50. How did the Aztecs’ and Incas’ opinions of Europeans change over time?  Initially the Aztecs and Incas welcomed the Europeans as godly beings, but they later thought the Europeans must be devils instead. 51. What happened to most indigenous groups after their nations gained independence from colonial rule?  They usually remained marginalized groups without equal social, economic, or political rights. 52. They usually remained marginalized groups without equal social, economic, or political rights.  Europeans had a major impact on New World flora because they brought many crops and plants to the New World both inadvertently and on purpose. Chapter 7 - Making a Living 1. Which of the following describes a project that would be of interest to an economic anthropologist?  investigating whether or not changes in technology and settlement structure are connected to resource availability 2. In general, in order to understand how a society meets its subsistence needs, an economic anthropologist would look at which of the following?  the way labor is organized, the technology used to obtain and process resources, and population size 3. Which of the following statements summarizes the connection between the subsistence strategy and the social and political structures of a society?  Different subsistence strategies tend to correlate with certain social and political forms. 4. Which of the following statements about allocating labor tasks is usually true cross- culturally?  Men are responsible for clearing fields in food-producing societies. 5. Over the span of several decades, a foraging society has lost much of its territory. What could the members of this society do to increase the carrying capacity of the society's current region?

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 switch to a subsistence strategy that uses a different technology to extract more food from the available resources 6. How does the typical settlement pattern of pastoralists differ from that of agriculturalists?  Pastoralists typically alternate between two or three locations a year, whereas agriculturalists live in permanent towns or cities. 7. A leveling mechanism is a practice designed to __________.  equalize access to resources and prevent the concentration of wealth in only a few hands 8. What does the term "redistribution" refer to in economic anthropology?  an activity in which resources are pooled together and then reallocated to members of the society 9. Which of the following limits the value of applying optimal foraging models to understanding human behavior?  People sometimes make decisions according to their beliefs, preferences, or other social considerations. 10. Which of the following explains why Ju/’hoansi women provided the bulk of the calories for the community compared to men?  Men typically did the hunting, an endeavor that has a lower success rate than gathering. 11. Which of the following statements best describes the foraging lifestyle in terms of how much time is spent working?  Foragers typically spend less time working than people living in industrial or agricultural societies. 12. How were resources allocated in most foraging societies?  Certain groups, such as families, had rights over a particular area, but these groups would share the resources of the area with the rest of the community. 13. What would a foraging community in the Arctic do in preparation for the arrival of winter, the season in which natural resources become less abundant?  split into settlements composed of smaller family groups 14. In pastoral societies, wealth and social status are based on __________.  the size of a family’s or individual’s herd of animals 15. Which of the following strategies is a pastoralist society in the Middle East most likely to use in order to ensure their animals have ample grazing lands when the seasons change?  Shift the herds according to the principles of transhumance. 16. Pastoralism is different than the animal husbandry practiced by many contemporary American farm families because __________.  the pastoralist way of life is completely adapted to large-scale herding

17. Which of the following best describes pastoralism?  Most pastoralists combined herding with foraging, farming, or trade with other groups. 18. Why is pastoralism rarely the primary economic strategy of societies today?  It is difficult for pastoralists to control enough land for grazing their animals. 19. How does horticulture differ from agriculture?  Horticulture involves farming on a small scale, whereas agriculture involves large-scale farming. 20. Which of the following is a horticultural society likely to do when they notice that their crop yield seems to be diminishing in quantity and quality?  Choose the site of a new field and cut down and burn any vegetation on it before planting the next series of crops. 21. What is the primary reason that farmers try to produce a surplus of crops?  to survive a year or two of crop failure 22. In Melanesia, how do ceremonies involving pig sacrifices affect local practices of horticulture?  Ceremonial sacrifices lower the pig population, enabling people to use a larger percentage of their crops to feed themselves rather than the pigs. 23. What accounts for Jivaro women having higher status in their societies than Yanomamo women have in theirs?  The horticultural work performed by women in Jivaro society is valued in its own right, whereas women's work in Yanomamo society is considered secondary to men's work. 24. How did the invention of agriculture impact the overall health of populations that adopted the practice?  Health decreased due to the malnutrition that comes from overreliance on a few crops and the occurrence of disease found in densely populated settlements. 25. What is one consequence of intensive agriculture?  Crop diversity has decreased. 26. Which of the following statements best describes the system of wealth and property ownership in agricultural societies?  Land and wealth is generally concentrated in the hands of select members of society. 27. One theory concerning the origin of farming suggests that __________.  some foragers began gathering a surplus of food to sponsor feasts, and as demand for surpluses grew people looked for ways to produce food 28. In order to decrease the risk of losing all of one's crops to pests or disease, a consultant might recommend which of the following?  growing a diversity of crop varieties

29. Improved technology is likely to have which of the following effects on how people meet their subsistence needs?  The use of more efficient technology will require fewer people to work in agriculture and result in a redistribution of human labor into other work sectors. 30. Historically, which of the following has prompted foragers to adopt farming or wage labor?  Food producers looking for land have usurped territories once used by foragers. 31. What has enabled some indigenous societies to start selling their products commercially?  Forces of globalization have increased their participation in far-reaching economic networks. 32. Economic anthropologists focus on which of the following?  the study of how people obtain, transform, and exchange resources to meet survival needs 33. What is the carrying capacity of a region?  the number of people who can be sustained by the resources of the region 34. What impact did the invention of agriculture have on societies?  Populations became larger, and societies became more sedentary. 35. Why have many foraging societies become food-producing societies over the last few centuries?  because they adapted new subsistence techniques to their environments or were absorbed into a larger society with a different subsistence strategy 36. Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference in the gendered division of labor among foragers and pastoralists?  Pastoralists typically divide labor between men and women in a less egalitarian fashion than foragers do. 37. How were labor practices related to children different in agricultural societies as compared to foraging and pastoralist societies?  Unlike foragers and pastoralists, agricultural societies made extensive use of child labor. 38. What is optimal foraging theory?  a theory that uses comparisons to animal foraging and decision theory to understand the behavior of foragers 39. Which of the following acts as a leveling mechanism in many pastoralist societies?  a cultural value placed on generosity and hospitality that encourages wealthy people to share with those less fortunate

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40. A society in the Andes mountains practices a way of life that revolves around the care and herding of llamas. Which two products are likely to be central components of their livelihood?  Meat and wool 41. Why do farmers accumulate more material items than foragers and many past  Farmers tend to live in stable, permanent settlements, so it is easier for them to accumulate material items. 42. An agricultural society in Southeast Asia cultivates rice in large fields terraced into paddies that retain water. What other technique would this society likely employ in its rice cultivation efforts?  using draft animals to work the land 43. Which of the following would be considered an act of reciprocity performed by a Ju/'hoansi man whose hunting expedition was successful?  He shares the meat with other members of the community, knowing that they will share their meat with him at some point in the future. 44. What purpose is served by taboos restricting the sexual activities of nursing mothers in foraging societies?  They help limit the population size through birth spacing 45. Which of the following describes how food production was organized along gender lines in the traditional Zuni society of the American Southwest?  Men and women both grew food crops, but in different areas and using different techniques. 46. Which of the following summarizes the potential for a society's subsistence pattern to change?  Subsistence patterns may shift in conjunction with environmental changes or influences from outside groups. Chapter 8 - Economic Systems 1. Why is trade in West African local and regional markets considered a form of redistribution?  Goods and products are brought to a centralized location from which they are sold to people who would be unable to obtain them otherwise. 2. Which of the following exchanges is based on the principles of negative reciprocity?  securing a lower price on a used car after lengthy negotiations over the price 3. How do elite members accumulate wealth and power in most large-scale industrial societies?  by controlling the labor of others and the distribution of the goods they produce 4. How do societies normally assign types of labor to young children?  In a given economic system, children are assigned tasks that fit their physical and mental maturity.

5. Why is it advantageous for foragers to provide open access to the lands in their territories and the resources they contain?  Foragers rely on their ability to exploit resources that are available only during certain seasons. 6. How do economic relations in capitalism compare with those in kin- and community- based societies?  They are impersonal and institutionalized. 7. Which of the following is an example of someone using special-purpose Money?  exchanging tickets won at a carnival game for items from the prize booth 8. Which of the following statements describes a core feature of the capitalist mode of production?  Workers cannot by themselves produce the goods they need for survival. 9. What is a fundamental principle underlying monetary exchange in a market economy?  The value of all-purpose money does not vary depending on the items or services being bought and sold. 10. In capitalist societies, values taught through enculturation lead people to believe that poverty is the result of __________.  not working hard enough 11. Why have some countries banned the use of genetically modified organisms (GMO's) in agricultural production? - They are being cautious because the effects of growing and consuming GMO crops are still largely unknown. 12. Which of the following is a general feature of industrial agriculture?  an interdependence between farms and the corporations that control farm machinery and seed supplies 13. Which of the following summarizes one difference found in the patterns of consumer spending in developed and developing countries?  In developing countries without strong national industries, consumer spending pays for more expensive imported goods. 14. Which of the following was a colonial policy that forced indigenous people to seek employment that paid wages?  imposing mandatory poll taxes on people in indigenous communities 15. How are subsistence farming and a cash economy connected to changes in the urban populations of developing countries?  As subsistence farmers increasingly need cash to buy food, clothing, and other household items, they leave rural areas to seek employment in urban areas.

16. Which of the following results from the value pastoralists place on owning land and animals?  Differences in wealth and prestige emerge, developing into a certain degree of social stratification. 17. How do foragers respond when faced with a surplus of resources?  They distribute it in a way that builds social relationships. 18. The nomadic lifestyle of many foragers is facilitated by which of the following?  owning little in the way of possessions and spacing children several years apart 19. Which of the following is likely to occur when a nomadic foraging population is forced to settle in a permanent community and switch to food production?  The overall health of the community will decline due to a less varied diet and higher population density. 20. Why do many people still die of malnutrition when the output of agricultural production has increased dramatically in recent years?  Around the world, food is distributed unevenly for economic and political reasons. 21. Which of the following helps fund the Igbo system of market exchange in West Africa?  credit associations organized by market traders 22. An anthropologist doing field research often joins the family of one of her consultants for dinner. The anthropologist recognizes this interaction as part of a larger pattern of generalized reciprocity. What could the anthropologist do in order to solidify her participation in these exchanges?  invite the consultant and his/her family over for a meal 23. Why are surpluses an asset for sedentary communities but not nomadic ones?  Sedentary communities have places to store surpluses that can be used to offset seasons of low food production, whereas nomadic peoples would have to expend considerable energy moving the surplus with them. 24. Which of the following statements best describes how land is allocated among pastoral peoples?  Some pastoral societies permanently limit access to land to particular groups. 25. What is the social goal of negative reciprocity?  to validate or raise one’s social status 26. Which of the following enables capitalist economies to grow and survive?  profits earned through the buying and selling of products and services in different markets 27. Which of the following is predicted by the theory of supply and demand?  In the United States, the price of a limited edition doll will increase during the holiday shopping season.

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28. A business in New Jersey grows and packages corn to be sold in regional grocery stores. Which of the following would be included in the "means of production" associated with this business?  the agricultural land, the money used to pay employees, and the packaging equipment 29. How did Spanish settlers mainly obtain laborers for work in their American colonies?  through the enslavement of both Africans and indigenous Americans 30. Compared to people in modern industrial nations, members of horticultural groups like the Machiguenga spend more time doing which of the following  enjoying free time, rest, and idleness 31. How did the growth of manufacturing in Europe influence labor patterns?  Fewer children were employed in factories because they were unable to operate heavy machinery. 32. How were those peoples who had been conquered or dominated by colonialism incorporated into European economic systems?  They were forced to extract the resources from colonized regions, or bought and sold as resources themselves. 33. Which of the following describes a disadvantage of the nomadic foraging lifestyle?  The food supply can be unpredictable, leaving people at risk for starvation when there is a drought or other natural disaster. 34. Who are more at risk for disease, sedentary farmers or nomadic foragers, and why?  Sedentary farmers are more at risk because it is easier to transmit contagious diseases when population densities are higher. 35. Why are horticulturalists able to have a more stable food supply than foragers  They have more control over their crops and can overcome some of the natural fluctuations that affect their food sources. Chapter 9 - Kinship and Descent 1. How did the development of State societies impact the role of kinship groups?  It diminish the role of kinship groups in areas such as Intergroup trade and settling disputes 2. In general why is bilateral descent adapted for people in industrial countries?  It loosens kinship ties, reducing the number of people to whom one has economic obligations, which in turn enables individuals to accumulate more wealth 3. Many kin groups include adoptive kin and fictive kin. This fact supports which of the following ideas?  Kinship is based on social, symbolic, and cultural ideas

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4. In general anthropological terms, kinship systems organize relationships through _______?  Rules of marriage and descent 5. Because College fraternities create emotional bonds among their members as well as networks are potential economic support,reciprocity, and Mutual obligation, the illustrate which of the following?  the way that private institutions can fulfill the functions that would be performed by kin groups in other societies 6. What is the main cause of the differences between patrilineal and matrilineal societies in terms of the kinds of bonds people maintain with their own kinship Group after marriage?  In societies with patrilineal descent system common women bear children who are members of their husbands to send group, whereas in matrilineal systems, their children are members of their own to send group 7. In matrilineal societies, why is the emotional investment of a father and his own children sometimes a source of strain?  because he owes his primary allegiance to the children of his own kin group 8. What is the distinction between patrilineal descent and patriarchy?  patrilineal descent refers to a form of kinship organization, whereas patriarchy refers to the control of social systems and political power by men 9. Among the Kwakwaka’wakw of British Columbia, why would a person claim to be a member of multiple descent groups?  membership in different descent groups gives a person access to different food resources as well as maternal and ceremonial wealth 10. How are matrilineal descent systems connected to the gendered division of labor in some horticultural societies?  Matrilineal descent reflects and reinforces the cooperative groups that women form as primary subsistence workers and childcare providers in many horticultural societies. 11. Which of the following would be classified as a parallel cousin?  the child of one's mother's sister 12. How do clans differ from lineages in terms of tracing descent?  Clan members may not be able to trace the exact genealogical links among members, whereas lineage members can. 13. What role did the Nuer segmentary lineage system play in times of conflict?  It created a mechanism through which participants in the conflict could garner support and allies. 14. What benefit do clans derive from endogamous marriage?  What benefit do clans derive from endogamous marriage? 15. Which of the following illustrates the concept of a totem?

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 The black rhinoceros has mythical and symbolic importance for a clan in Uganda. 16. What purpose is served by an avoidance relationship between a woman and her father- in-law in a patrilineal society in which the norm is for a married couple to live with the husband's kin?  It eases tension by protecting the woman's husband from having to choose sides between his parents and his wife. 17. Why are flirtation and explicit sexual remarks toward a spouse’s same-sex sibling common in many cultures?  In many cultures, these in-laws are potential spouses and sometimes preferred marriage partners in the event of the death of one’s own spouse. 18. When is avoidance behavior between men and their mothers-in-law in a matrilineal and matrilocal society most prominent?  early in the marriage when the mother-in-law's authoritative position needs to be recognized and reinforced 19. Although the term “avoidance" has been traditionally used in anthropology to describe a particular pattern of relationships, some anthropologists believe that the behaviors involved would be more accurately described as __________.  respectful or bashful 20. A young man and his father's sister's daughter frequently joke with and tease each other when they meet. This behavior is expected and considered appropriate. Based on this information, one could conclude that __________.  the society encourages marriage between cross-cousins 21. How are kinship systems affected by changes in other aspects of culture?  Kinship systems often change when subsistence patterns change. 22. Which of the following trends is characteristic of societies that were subjected to European colonialism?  Unilineal descent systems have shifted to bilateral kinship reckoning. 23. Which of the following distinguishes bilateral kinship from unilineal descent?  Bilateral kinship places a greater emphasis on generational relationships, whereas unilineal descent emphasizes relationships derived from a common ancestor. 24. The way the Cheyenne descent system changed over time illustrates which of the following?  the connection between descent reckoning and subsistence strategy and the influence of culture contact on a society's form of kinship organization 25. Which of the following has contributed to the loosening of kinship ties in industrial and postindustrial societies?  employment opportunities that encourage or require nuclear families to relocate far from other kin

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26. Which of the following is reflected in the Sudanese kinship terminology system?  the ability of individuals to negotiate their relationships with others and to affiliate with either side of the family 27. Why is the Hawaiian kinship terminology system often used by societies with ambilineal descent systems?  It does not emphasize a particular line of descent, which reflects the ability of people to choose to affiliate with either their mother or father's kinship group 28. The kinship terminology system generally used in North America emphasizes the nuclear family, but whether non-nuclear family members are related through the mother or father is irrelevant to the kinship terms used. These features are characteristic of which of the following?  the Eskimo kinship terminology system 29. Which statement best describes a key difference between the Omaha and Crow systems?  The Omaha system is used in patrilineal societies, whereas the Crow system is used in matrilineal societies. 30. How did the Cheyenne emphasize the importance of seniority in the kinship terms they used?  There were separate terms for elder siblings, but the same term was used for younger siblings regardless of gender. 31. Why is bilateral kinship advantageous for both foragers and low-income Americans?  It creates a flexible pool of people that one can call on in times of economic need. 32. Why do many patrilineal societies make it difficult for someone to divorce their spouse?  because marriage makes it possible for a man to claim his wife's children as members of his descent group 33. The Diné of the American Southwest recognize a man's continuing obligations to the women of his natal family even after he is married. Additionally, the role he plays in decision making in his wife's household is limited. These characteristics are aligned with which of the following?  a society that traces descent matrilineally 34. How does a system of double descent differ from a parallel descent system?  In double descent an individual belongs to the kin groups of both their mother and father, whereas in parallel descent an individual belongs to the kin group of the parent of the same gender. 35. Which statement best captures how a man in a matrilineal society would pass on property and resources to the children in his kin group?  The property and resources would be passed from a man to his sister’s son rather than his own son.

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36. Historically, Mohawk society was matrilineal and practiced clan exogamy. Which of the following describes a practice that would have been aligned with the principles of clan exogamy?  A man from the Bear clan would not marry a woman from the Bear clan, but rather a woman from the Wolf or Turtle clan. 37. How do phratries differ from moieties?  A moiety is one of two groups of linked clans, whereas a phratry is one of three or more groups of linked clans. 38. Which of the following is a common corporate function of a clan?  As a group, clan members manage access to land. 39. Which of the following is an example of a taboo?  a prohibition against eating a totemic animal 40. Based on the patterns of relationships that anthropologists have observed cross- culturally, in matrilineal and matrilocal societies, the relationship between a man and his mother-in-law is likely to be characterized by __________.  the man going out of his way to show respect and deference to his mother-in-law 41. How does the Sudanese kin terminology system differ from the other kinship terminology systems?  In the Sudanese kin terminology system, all kinship relationships are given separate terms, whereas all other kinship terminology systems lump certain relatives under the same term. 42. Which two kinship terminology systems have a generational skewing pattern that focuses on lineal relatives not in one’s own clan?  Crow and Omaha 43. Which of the following often contributes to a shift from matrilineal descent to other forms of descent?  changes in the subsistence roles of men and women 44. How does the Hawaiian kinship system reflect a cultural opposition to cousin marriage?  One's cousins are referred to as brother or sister. 45. Why did the Cheyenne shift back to bilateral kinship after adopting matrilineal descent?  As competition over resources in the prairies increased, the Cheyenne relocated and returned to foraging, a way of life that benefited from the potentially wider network of alliances made possible through bilateral kinship. Chapter 10 - Marriage and Family

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1. In a certain polygynous society, a man establishes a separate living space for each of his wives and their children. The living spaces are unconnected, but within walking distance of one another. In addition, the man's widowed mother lives with his brother in a nearby residence, and they meet and eat with each other on a regular basis. This illustrates which of the following?  a homestead, which is composed of multiple dwellings inhabited by people who are related and interact on a regular basis 2. Why is the emphasis on marriage different in matrilineal and patrilineal societies?  In matrilineal societies, a woman's children are automatically members of her kin group, but in patrilineal societies marriage helps to secure the woman's children as members of their father's kin group. 3. Which of the following are recognized as general functions of marriage?  to create bonds between the spouses' kin groups and establish rights and obligations between the spouses in the areas of sexual relations, rearing children, and sharing economic resources 4. With which of the following statements about family would an anthropologist agree?  In general, families are groups of people who cooperate economically, provide emotional support, and create and enculturate new members. 5. What do children learn from the way conflicts are resolved within their family?  how social rights are assigned to people of different ages, genders, and social positions 6. A woman lives with her two children in a small city in the United States. Based on trends seen in U.S. Census statistics, which of the following is likely to describe this household?  This household is more likely to have an income near or below the poverty line. 7. Which of the following describes one of the disadvantages of a joint family?  Because adult siblings create the central link in a joint family, sibling rivalry can lead to conflict 8. Which of the following gives one reason why foragers favor birth spacing?  Foragers travel a lot and are not able to carry many young children. 9. What is one way in which a nuclear family structure benefits foragers?  It is mobile, due to its relatively small size. 10. How does the definition of a multifamily household used by the U.S. Census differ from that used by anthropologists?  It only includes households composed of at least two nuclear families. 11. The Natchez of the south-central United States were a matrilineal society divided into two classes of nobles and commoners. The highest-ranked matrilineage in the noble class was called "Sun." Nobles were required to practice class exogamy. Which of the following effects did this have?  Suns were required to marry commoners outside their class, therefore they were never able to consolidate power and wealth.

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12. Why would village exogamy potentially be advantageous in areas of frequent warfare?  because people are less likely to attack villages where they have relatives 13. Which of the following statements describes the “marry out or die out” theory of the incest taboo’s origin?  The incest taboo developed as a means of ensuring survival by forcing people to make alliances with others outside the nuclear family. 14. How are endogamous marriages beneficial to elites within a society?  They solidify and preserve the privilege of elites by consolidating wealth and power. 15. On a nearly universal level, the incest taboo can be described as which of the following?  a rule of nuclear family exogamy 16. What was distinctive about the historical marriage practices of the Nayar in South India?  A newly married couple would stay together for three days, after which they did not have to see each other again. 17. In traditional Nyinba communities, the sex ratio is 118 men to 100 women, and local resources are scarce. Which of the following best describes how polyandry is an adaptive strategy in such a context?  Polyandry permits all men to marry while at the same time limiting population growth. 18. Polyandrous marriages are likely to occur in societies __________.  where there are fewer women than men 19. Which of the following distinguishes Nuer same-sex marriages from those taking place in the United States?  Among the Nuer, a woman could be legally defined as a man so that she could marry another woman in order to claim her wife's children as her own. 20. What is one advantage of sororal polygyny?  Conflicts between wives are minimized because they are sisters. 21. Among the Plains Indians, how was bridewealth connected to a family's prestige?  The number of horses given as bridewealth reflected the prestige of the groom's family. 22. Some Nuer men break from tradition by using money they have earned at work to purchase cattle for their own bridewealth payments. Why would they do this?  because doing so frees them from family ties 23. Why would fathers in medieval through nineteenth-century Europe be interested in providing generous dowries for their daughters?  Generous dowries attracted allies in the form of sons-in-law who were wealthy and powerful.

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24. In societies where bridewealth is a marriage custom, why might the wife’s kin have a large stake in discouraging the dissolution of the marriage?  because bridewealth was typically returned if a couple divorced 25. How does bridewealth differ from brideservice?  Bridewealth consists of gifts from the groom’s family to the bride's family, whereas brideservice consists of labor performed by the groom for the bride's family. 26. When a suitor’s kin inquired about his potential marriage to a young Haida woman, her father said that he had “nothing to do with it” and then sent them to his wife’s brother. What does this suggest about the Haida kinship system? o The Haida are a matrilineal society in which the woman's maternal uncle, not her father, is responsible for decisions that affect her kinship group. 27. In Mohawk society, a future husband would give his bride’s mother a gift of deer meat, and a future bride would give her husband’s mother a gift of cornbread. What did such gifts symbolize? o the interdependence of the economic roles of men and women in sustaining a household 28. What is a typical difference in weddings held in foraging and horticultural societies compared to those held in agrarian and industrial societies? o In foraging and horticultural societies, weddings are usually simple rituals, whereas in agrarian and industrial societies, weddings may be elaborate ceremonies involving transfers of wealth and property. 29. Cross-culturally, the purpose of courtship is generally __________. o for an individual to select a compatible mate 30. Why are weddings considered "rites of passage"? o because weddings change the social status of the bride and groom 31. Among the Lohorung Rai of Nepal, a new bride returns to her natal family's home the day after the wedding. Sixteen days later she rejoins her husband, but stays for only a few days before returning once again to her natal family. Within the year, she moves back to her husband's village, but after her first child is born, she returns to her natal home one final time before permanently living with her husband. This process illustrates which of the following?  the conflicting feelings that can arise in a society that practices virilocality 32. Why did conflict with Europeans strengthen the practice of matrilocal residence among the Iroquois?  Fighting against the Europeans kept men away from home for long periods of time. 33. Which of the following describes the pattern(s) of postmarital residence typically followed by foragers?  Foragers generally choose which relatives to live near based on the makeup of households, resource availability, and personal preference.

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34. Under what conditions would a society tend to follow an avunculocal residence pattern?  when inheritance follows matrilineal descent, but property and resources are owned by men 35. Which combination of descent system and postmarital residence pattern creates stable, interacting groups of related kin?  a patrilineal society that practices patrilocal residence 36. How did the Mohawk and Lakota cultures differ with respect to divorce?  The Mohawk did not attach any social stigma to the wife or husband in the case of divorce, but the Lakota shamed women whose marriages ended in divorce. 37. Among the patrilineal Kpelle of Liberia, marriages traditionally involve the exchange of bridewealth. Although adults are expected to be married, divorce in Kpelle society is fairly common and often initiated by the wife. Which of the following is likely to occur when a Kpelle couple divorces?  The bride's family will return the bridewealth to the husband or his kin group. 38. Why is the Nuer "ghost marriage" considered a form of levirate?  because a younger brother marries the widow of his elder brother 39. In societies that allow divorce in the case where the couple fails to produce sons, there is the tendency to do which of the following?  blame and criticize the wife but not the husband 40. In many societies, a widow may do which of the following to publically indicate her status?  wear different types of clothing than when she was married or change her hairstyle 41. A woman has a child with one man, but marries another with whom she establishes a household. Together they raise the woman's child. Which of the following does this illustrate?  Marriage is a way to establish social fatherhood, which does not always overlap with biological paternity. 42. Which of the following would be included in the category of affines?  a man's second wife in a polygynous society 43. Why does family size need to be limited among foragers?  to prevent exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment 44. What’s the difference between one’s family of orientation and one’s family of procreation?  One grows up in the family of orientation, but one founds the family of procreation as an adult. 45. Which of the following supports the idea that avoiding incest is not instinctual?  Incest occurs fairly widely in human societies.

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46. According to Bronislaw Malinowski, why did people develop incest taboos?  to lessen sexual competition within the nuclear family 47. In Australia, the traditional Tiwi marriage practice in which men may have more than one wife and two men may sometimes agree to marry each other’s sisters or daughters is a case of __________.  reciprocal polygyny 48. What is one reason why polygyny occurs in some strongly patriarchal societies?  Men who can afford a greater number of wives are seen to have greater wealth, power, and prestige in their communities. 49. Today, the custom of a bride-to-be collecting linens in a bridal hope chest is a remnant of what European system?  the dowry system in which the bride's family gave valuables to the bride to bring with her when she married 50. What do both groom-service and brideservice provide from the parents’ perspective?  a demonstration of a future in-law’s suitability as a marriage partner and household member 51. Which of the following is an example of bridewealth?  In Sudan, a Nuer groom presents cattle to his prospective wife's family. 52. In general, which of the following is an underlying principle of arranged marriages?  Marriages are alliances between families, not just individuals. 53. What is one reason why a matrilineal society would favor a matrilocal residence pattern?  It prevents members of the kin group from being dispersed. 54. What do both levirate and sororate marriage patterns stress symbolically?  the endurance of family alliances established through marriage 55. How do the principles of descent and the resulting claims that kinship groups have over children affect a society's attitude toward divorce?  Matrilineal societies are usually more lenient when it comes to divorce because the wife's children are automatically members of her matrilineage. Chapter 11 - Gender 1. A biologically male member of the Mohave is recognized to be drawn to economic roles usually associated with women and participates in a public ceremony during which he is recognized as a Two-Spirit. This illustrates which of the following?  the existence of a legitimate third gender among the Mohave 2. What is the significance of making a distinction between sex and gender?

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 By defining gender as aspects shaped by culture and sex as those determined by biology, anthropologists are able to describe and explain cross-cultural variations in the social roles, expectations, and behaviors of males and females. 3. What does the term "gender identity" refer to?  a person's internalization and expression of cultural expectations associated with a gender category 4. What is the basis of "man-the-hunter" models?  assumptions about the original roles of men and women that reflect the cultural practices of mid- and late nineteenth-century Europe 5. Which of the following summarizes the Hindu perspective on homosexuality?  Homosexuality is considered an acceptable expression of human desire and is portrayed as a joyful experience in myths 6. Which of the following might enable a woman to be a good nurse  She has learned to be nurturing through socialization and enculturation and has been taught that her society approves of that role for women. 7. Which of the following explains how religion can intersect with gender roles and relations in a society?  Sacred myths may sanction and reinforce gender roles and the values assigned to men and women. 8. What is the relationship between gender and a society's division of labor?  In all societies, gender is connected to the social expectations of the type of work individuals perform. 9. Which of the following summarizes the concept of "gender inequality?  the denial of autonomy and equal rights to one group of people based on their gender 10. Under what circumstances are women likely to have relatively high status?  in societies where women's labor directly contributes a large portion to the food supply 11. In terms of gender relations, which of the following are characteristics of agricultural societies in comparison to foraging societies?  Overall, they tend to have greater gender inequality compared to foraging societies. 12. Which of the following accurately describes the "cult of domesticity?"  It justified the segregation of men and women's work roles. 13. Which of the following describes the gender relations present in Yanomamo culture?  The belief that females are unworthy and the subsequent practice of female infanticide has resulted in a scarcity of women in most communities.

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14. Traditionally, Chinese households were headed by the eldest male member of the patrilineage. In line with their culture, heads of household were permitted to beat their wives and children. Which of the following contributed to a situation that made it difficult for wives to depend on their relatives for support when they had conflicts with their husband or in-laws?  the practice of patrilocal postmarital residence 15. How do women in Igbo society develop a high degree of autonomy despite cultural expressions of male superiority?  They are the primary participants in and maintain control over village and regional trade. 16. Which of the following partially explains why women's contributions to the world economy are often distorted or unrecognized?  The way work is classified in census data overlooks the specific economic contributions of women who work within the home. 17. What does the term "double day" refer to in describing the lives of women in many industrial societies?  Women perform most of the household tasks in addition to working outside of the home. 18. In the second half of the twentieth century, people in the United States became increasingly influenced by theories in popular psychology. How did this influence gender ideologies?  It reinforced the belief that men are inherently aggressive whereas women are naturally passive and therefore suited to different forms of work 19. Which of the following summarizes recent trends in women’s political representation worldwide?  In recent decades, the number of political positions held by women in both local and national governments has increased significantly, although most heads of state are still men 20. What trend was initially seen in terms of the effects of modernization on men and women?  Modernization contributed to a decline in women's status, especially in Africa and Asia. 21. Which statement is consistent with anthropologists' understanding of gender?  People are shaped by cultural definitions of how men and women should act. 22. Why do most people fail to recognize the cultural origin of gender characteristics and expectations?  because they are ideas that are ingrained from a very young age through informal processes of socialization and enculturation 23. Which of the following counters the assumption that men, as hunters, were the driving force behind the development of cultural behaviors?

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 Prior to stone tools, people may have created tools for storing food or carrying infants out of plant materials, which would not be well-preserved in the archaeological record. 24. Which of the following do some researchers cite as the evolutionary precursor to the role of fathers?  A male's offspring benefited indirectly from the food and protection their sire gave to the female(s) with whom he consistently mated. 25. Which of the following scenarios illustrates the way sexual behavior is culturally constructed?  A patriarchal society encourages men to be sexually active before marriage, but prohibits females from engaging in any form of sexual behavior until they are married. 26. In which of the following societies would recognizing the difference between a "domestic sphere" and "public sphere" become useful in understanding gender roles and relations?  in industrial societies where work is highly specialized and gender roles are rigidly defined 27. In which of the following societies is a woman's status likely to be relatively low?  in an Inuit society in which women's labor focuses on preparing and processing food, but the majority of food is obtained through the direct labor of men 28. Which of the following make up the gender roles found in a society?  the sets of behaviors culturally associated with each gender and which come into play in the areas of work, family, leadership, and religious practice 29. Which of the following is a tendency observed in societies in which male dominance is pervasive?  Women in such cultures learn to disvalue themselves and accept male domination. 30. Which statement best describes one way in which work in the twentieth-century United States changed with respect to gender roles and expectations?  Rising costs of living led to the greater participation of women in paid employment. 31. Which of the following contributes to the subordination of women among the Yanomamo?  Women are excluded from direct productive work. 32. Why are assessments of East African pastoral societies that portray women as marginalized considered problematic?  because they do not consider the male bias that skewed initial ethnographies nor the effects of European colonialism on gender roles and relations 33. Which of the following has replaced an earlier cultural ideal regarding gender constructs in the United States?

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 Couples in which both the husband and wife work now constitute a larger percentage of households. 34. Which of the following describes an employment trend among young women in places like Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan?  A significant number of young women have gained employment in factories run by multinational corporations. 35. In Polynesia, how have Tahitian women recently been affected by economic change?  They have kept their high status thanks to the enduring cultural value placed on gender equality. Chapter 12 - Equality and Inequality 1. Which of the following conveys the difference between power and prestige?  People with power have the means to control or coerce other people, whereas people with prestige are followed voluntarily because they are highly regarded and respected. 2. The Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari traditionally lived in small groups in which women gathered tubers and other plant foods and men hunted game, which they shared with other members of their community. Based on this information, the Ju'/hoansi are most likely to be which of the following?  An egalitarian society 3. Why is assuming leadership in a monarchy considered to be an ascribed status?  because the status is assigned based on the person's birth or marriage into a royal family 4. Which of the following is a key characteristic of a ranked society?  An individual or kin group may have higher prestige if they are of a relatively high rank, but not necessarily greater material resources or power. In a stratified society, why do the majority of people listen to and follow an elite minority? 5. How are standard and nonstandard forms of speech related to class differences?  Middle-class speakers tend to use standard forms more often, whereas members of lower classes tend to use nonstandard forms more often. 6. In India, social stratification took the form of a caste system. Castes were often associated with certain occupations and in some areas caste members resided in different neighborhoods. Which of the following practices would support such a system?  caste endogamy 7. Marxist understandings of class systems divide people into which two main groups?  owners, who control the means of production, and workers, who provide labor 8. How are class systems different from caste systems?

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 Class systems are based on achieved status, whereas caste systems are based on ascribed status. 9. Why is slavery considered an ascribed status?  because one is assigned the status at birth or it is forced upon them later in life 10. How are races and castes similar?  They are both culturally constructed systems in which status is ascribed and mobility from one racial group or caste to another is not allowed. 11. What are some of the benefits derived from white privilege in the United States?  White people may have better access to mortgages and bank loans and in general may be treated more respectfully. 12. Which of the following is a characteristic of the racial system used in Brazil?  Racial identification is relative and based on the context and the other people present. 13. Under what circumstances does ethnicity become an important basis for group formation?  in a multiethnic nation that is undergoing rapid political and social change 14. The 2000 U.S. federal census asked people to identify their race as well as whether or not they are “Spanish/Hispanic/Latino.” Those who responded that they were “Spanish/Hispanic/Latino” were then asked to identify whether they were Mexican/Mexican-American/Chicano, Puerto Rican, Cuban, or Other. This implies which of the following?  that the census writers view “Spanish/Hispanic/Latino” as an ethnic category 15. The belief that hard work can lead to a better standard of living is in part based on which of the following?  the idea that classes are part of an open system of social ordering that allows for mobility 16. A person who has lost a high-paying job in computer technology and is now working at a supermarket bagging groceries has experienced which of the following?  downward mobility 17. How is the "war on drugs" linked to social stratification in the United States?  The "war on drugs" has been used to secure the dominant position of privilege of the white, upper class. 18. Which of the following describes the current pattern of incarceration in the United States?  The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, and the percentage of men of color who are imprisoned is disproportionately high. 19. Which of the following is an important indicator of the economic crisis in the United States?  high rates of home foreclosure

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20. Which of the following best describes a society that is considered to be egalitarian?  People have more or less equal access to resources, but there may still be inequalities connected to a person's age, gender, or abilities. 21. In a stratified society, how is prestige linked to wealth and power?  Because stratified societies value the accumulation of wealth, wealthy individuals are highly regarded and have more prestige, which they can use to gain power. 22. In a ranked society, what benefits are afforded to members of high rank?  social benefits, such as prestige and respect 23. In the United States, people who perform essential services such as police protection, road construction, and hospital maintenance often earn less than those in other professions. How does this situation challenge the functional explanation of social stratification?  It challenges the functionalist proposition that hard work translates into social prestige, wealth, and power. 24. Which of the following differentiates a caste system from a ranked society?  The way castes are ordered in terms of prestige cannot change, whereas rank order can change. 25. In Belgium, members of the middle-class who wish to distinguish themselves from members of the working class could do which of the following in terms of their speech?  use more complex grammatical constructions when speaking in formal contexts 26. Which of the following indicates that castes are endogamous groups?  Members of a caste must marry members of the same caste. 27. Which of the following criteria are used to determine caste membership?  one's ancestry only 28. Which of the following patterns tends to occur in conjunction with race?  In many societies, people in the same racial category tend to live near, socialize with, marry, and work with other members of the same race. 29. Which of the following describes the factors that contribute to differences in access, power, and privilege among white Americans and African Americans?  White Americans may face political disenfranchisement and economic disadvantages based on class, whereas African Americans experience disenfranchisement and disadvantages connected to both class and race. 30. Brazilian racial categories appear to be more flexible and varied than those used in the United States. However, in Rio de Janeiro and other urban areas, shantytowns with overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and high rates of infant and childhood mortality are largely populated by non-white people. What does this suggest about the system of racial categories in Brazil?

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 Though they may be relatively flexible, racial categories are still organized hierarchically resulting in differential access to economic resources based on race. 31. Upon which of the following is ethnicity largely based?  a shared cultural heritage 32. Which ideological belief supports the system of inequality in the United States?  People deserve the advantages they gain from being members of high-status groups. 33. Which of the following makes it difficult to unite people to work toward common interests on the basis of class membership?  the perpetuation of conflicts between members of different races 34. How did the focus of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States shift over time?  Over time, some prominent leaders of the Civil Rights Movement began to focus on improving the economic conditions of people living in poverty, regardless of race. Chapter 13 - Political Systems 1. Which of the following describes the areas central to political organization from an anthropological perspective?  A. making group decisions, choosing leaders, organizing group actions, and resolving disputes 2. Which of the following summarizes the focus of study for political anthropology?  A. the mechanisms people use to solve basic problems that confront them as a group 3. Which of the following principles are essential to the formation of social groups?  A. cohesion, sharing, and reciprocity 4. The typology of sociopolitical organization developed by Elman Service should be viewed in which of the following ways?  A. as a useful tool for discussing cross-cultural variations in sociopolitical systems, despite the fact that it defines ideal types and creates a falsely sharp set of distinctions among societies 5. What distinction do anthropologists draw between authority and influence?  A. Authority confers the ability to shape the behaviors and decisions of others on the basis of one's personal characteristics as well as one's social role, whereas influence refers to the ability to have an effect on other people's behavior and decisions based on personal characteristics alone. 6. How are tribes related to confederacies?  A. Tribes may make up a confederacy.

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7. What economic feature makes chiefdoms possible?  A. the regular production of a surplus 8. The Tiwi, who live on islands off of the northern coast of Australia, traditionally subsisted through hunting, fishing, and gathering. Tiwi settlements were usually composed of one to several families related through men. Both men and women could lead on the basis of their personal influence or authority. Based on this information, which of the following most likely would have been one of the traditional ways for the Tiwi to resolve conflicts?  A. by relocating or joining another band 9. Which of the following are characteristics of a state, as the term is used in anthropology?  States are centralized, have formal governments and have a hierarchical structure 10. How do states become empires?  Through conquest and territorial expansion 11. How are the redistributive networks in chiefdoms and states different?  In chiefdoms, surplus is distributed throughout the community, whereas in states, a majority of the surplus is retained in the hands of the elite members of society. 12. Which of the following is an example of a theocracy?  ancient Egypt, in which the highest rulers were considered to be living deities 13. Which of the following is an agent of social control unique to state societies?  a formally organized police force 14. How was the conflict in the Hopi community of Oraibi in Arizona different from the recent conflicts in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Iraq?  The Hopi conflict was nonviolent. 15. Which of the following best summarizes the concept of "factionalism?"  the tendency for groups to split into opposing parties when there is a political disagreement 16. In recent years, several Middle Eastern countries have experienced political instability. Which of the following has contributed to this situation?  internal divisions connected to political and economic inequalities, as well as interference from other countries, such as the United States 17. Which of the following is one reason for rebellion in colonial situations?  People living in the colonies no longer want to live under foreign rule. 18. Which of the following supported the independence movements in Africa that followed World War II?  increasing international opposition to colonialism and the strength of the resistance within the colonized countries

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19. How are republics different from monarchies?  In republics, leaders are selected by their citizens to hold the position for a certain length of time, whereas in monarchies, leaders inherit their position and may serve for the duration of their lifetime. 20. The British monarchy follows a system of primogeniture. This explains which of the following?  Queen Elizabeth II's first-born child will become the monarch when she dies. 21. In what ways do state societies differ from bands, tribes, and chiefdoms?  States have greater degrees of craft specialization and social inequality. 22. In general, how is the social stratification of a state society organized?  into at least two strata of commoners and elites 23. Which of the following serves as a visual marker of the wealth and power of a state?  its monumental architecture 24. Which of the following describes the phenomena of political organization cross- culturally?  Political organization ranges from formal governments to informal ways of making decisions, assigning leadership, and resolving conflicts 25. How were the goals of the Mexican and Russian Revolutions of the early twentieth century different from the American Revolution of the eighteenth century?  They were focused on changing internal social systems that engendered economic and political inequalities. 26. Which of the following summarizes the issue that caused the Hopi community of Oraibi to split into two factions in the early 1900s?  The community disagreed as to whether to participate in U.S. federal educational programs would benefit Hopi children. 27. In which of the following conflicts did ethnic differences play a major role?  the Rwandan genocide and break-up of Yugoslavia 28. Among the Hidatsa of North Dakota, the majority of men and women joined certain societies when they were teenagers. These societies fulfilled functions in the areas of religious, economic, and social life. As people grew older and acquired certain skills and personality qualities, they advanced into the next society and assumed a new set of roles and responsibilities. What does this example illustrate?  the movement of individuals through an age-grade system 29. Which of the following are common cultural features found in tribal societies?  mechanisms for joining together at certain points during the year, intergroup trade, and an underlying egalitarian ethic

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30. Historically, the Tongans of the South Pacific were a complex chiefdom divided into chiefs and non-chiefs. Chiefly status was ascribed on the basis of membership in a chiefly lineage. In traditional Tonga society, the highest ranking chiefs were permitted to marry their own sisters. What would this practice have accomplished?  the consolidation of high rank and wealth 31. Which of the following defines "power" as it is used in political anthropology?  the ability to coerce others into behaving in certain ways 32. How does leadership in a chiefdom differ from that in band and tribal societies?  In chiefdoms, political authority is more centralized. 33. What is the purpose of a confederacy?  to join tribes or bands together in order to respond to an external threat Chapter 15 Quiz Answers 1. Ancient Greek and Roman deities were organized in a system in which each had specialized domains and positions of power relative to one another, with Zeus or Jupiter at the head. What does this suggest about Greek and Roman society?  Greek and Roman society were socially and politically stratified in a hierarchical fashion. 2. Which of the following tends to be a general distinction between the way people in egalitarian societies interact with the spirit world compared to the way people in stratified societies do?  In egalitarian societies, people are able to make direct, personal contact with spirit beings, compared to stratified societies in which religious specialists serve as intermediaries between people and spirit beings 3. In general, what is the goal of anthropologists in studying religions?  to learn about how people develop cultural meanings and behaviors 4. Which of the following religious practices would be found in a foraging society?  rituals to ensure a successful hunt 5. What is the goal of religious speech?  to influence natural phenomena, states of being, people, or events 6. How is science different from religion?  Science is based on empirical observation and the concept that there are physical causes of observable effects, whereas religion is founded on beliefs in spiritual or supernatural causes.\ 7. Which of the following religious elements has been associated with many stratified societies, including chiefdoms and monarchies?  Leaders are thought to be of divine descent, endowed with spiritual powers or ruling

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on the basis of divine right. 8. Which of the following is a psychological effect of religious practice?  emotional catharsis and the release of tension and worry 9. Which of the following is an example of how religion can reinforce social controls?  Gender role reversals in ritual contexts highlight social values by temporarily allowing them to be transgressed. 10. In Hindu cosmology, married goddesses are portrayed as benevolent and trustworthy while unmarried goddesses are aggressive and dangerous. What does this imply about Hindu society?  There is a gender expectation that the proper role for a woman is as a wife. 11. What is the difference between animism and animatism?  Animism is a belief that all living things have a soul or spirit essence, whereas animatism is a belief that an impersonal spiritual force can manifest in both animate beings and inanimate objects 12. In Japan, people present offerings to tablets that commemorate deceased relatives. This is a form of __________.  ancestor worship 13. Which of the following is a function fulfilled by totemism?  celebrating the solidarity of social groups 14. In some cultures, secret societies are established to do which of the following?  control places and objects that are associated with spirit forces and/or religious ceremonies 15. What do pregnancy taboos symbolize?  the dangers and uncertainty of pregnancy and birth 16. In Ethiopia, a small group of people gather to sing a series of spirit-related songs. One of the women in the group begins rocking back and forth. She eventually stands and addresses the group with an unusual vocal quality. When she sits back down, she starts to behave more like herself again. The people around her acknowledge that her out-of- character behavior was actually that of a spirit. How would an anthropologist describe the woman's behavior?  The woman is a spirit medium who entered a trance state. 17. Which of the following differentiates shamans from mediums?  Shamans receive messages from the spirit world, rather than channeling particular spirits. 18. Which of the following describes the work of a diviner?  interpreting patterns among physical objects to predict the future

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19. How do religious healers cure people of spirit-related illnesses?  by combining rituals with a practical knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and medicinal remedies 20. In general, which of the following would be the responsibility of a priest?  officiating at community rituals and leading religious organizations 21. Among the Sukus of the southwestern Congo, following circumcision, boys spend a period of several weeks in a ceremonial hut outside of their village. During this period, they are taught ritual songs and dances and are treated in a physically and verbally rough manner by elder men training them. At the end of this period, the boys receive new names and return to the village. According to Arnold van Gennep's model, the period spent at the ceremonial hut does which of the following?  ritualizes the transitional phase of a change in status 22. How is spirit possession different in Korea and among practitioners of macumba in Brazil?  In Korea, spirits possess women and make them ill, whereas in Brazil, spirits possess people in order to offer advice and protection. 23. Contagious magic functions on the basis of which of the following principles?  Positive or negative qualities can be transferred from one object or person to another through direct or close contact. 24. Why do witchcraft accusations arise in the matrilineal Cewa society of Zimbabwe?  because the Cewa do not have mechanisms for resolving disputes that occur between members of the same matrilineage 25. In many Latin American cultures, what is thought to cause susto?  the sudden loss of a person's soul following a frightening experience 26. Why are polytheistic religions generally more receptive to change than monotheistic religions?  because they do not adhere to a single, rigidly standardized doctrine 27. What circumstances are conducive to the development of revitalization movements?  the conquest, invasion, or colonization of a people that causes social and political upheaval 28. Which of the following would be considered a nativistic movement?  the Ghost Dance, in which Plains Indians followed a prophet who promoted a return to a state of cultural purity based on pre-colonial social and religious practices 29. Which of the following summarizes the process of religious syncretism?  combining and modifying elements from different religions, such as stories, spirit beings, icons, and rituals

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30. Which of the following is characteristic of some Christian fundamentalist groups today?  a belief that traditional gender roles are divinely sanctioned 31. Which of the following is characteristic of the way anthropologists study religion?  combining objective information with subjective experiences in order to document and analyze a culture's religion 32. Monotheistic religions reflect which of the following?  political systems that have highly ranked, central leaders 33. How does the ambiguity of religious speech contribute to the ability of religions to respond to social change?  The ambiguity of religious speech allows messages to be reinterpreted depending on what is relevant and meaningful to people at different times. 34. The Tsembaga of New Guinea follow a set of religious beliefs that obligate people to sacrifice pigs to their ancestors. Such sacrifices are thought to secure ancestral support in winning at warfare. The Tsembaga will not engage in warfare until enough pigs have been sacrificed. This creates periods of peace during which time people are concentrating on raising pigs for sacrifice. What does this reveal about Tsembaga culture?  Among the Tsembaga, political conflict and economic need are intertwined with and managed by religious beliefs and practices. 35. Which of the following is a direct expression of a culture's cosmology?  reciting a creation myth 36. Which of the following is a nearly universal religious belief?  that living things have an eternal aspect or "soul" or some spiritual essence 37. Which of the following is a form of animatism?  the Polynesian belief in mana 38. Throughout certain periods of Chinese history, rulers would occasionally consult a specialist before making important decisions. The specialist would write the ruler's question on an animal bone and apply heat to the bone until it cracked. The specialist would then interpret the crack in order to answer the ruler's question. Which of the following describes this specialist's actions from an anthropological perspective?  The specialist is interpreting patterns as a form of divination. 39. Which of the following is a general characteristic that distinguishes priests from shamans?  Priests are full-time religious specialists, whereas shamans are part-time religious specialists. 40. In general, in which of the following ways are religious healers different from other types of healers?  Religious healers diagnose and cure illnesses that are believed to be caused by

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spirit forces or beings. 41. What does Arnold van Gennep's model assert  Rites of passage ritualize the stages of separation, transition, and reincorporation that accompany a change in status. 42. How are spirit possession and witchcraft similar?  Both can be used as outlets for otherwise socially unacceptable behavior. 43. Which of the following would be an example of imitative magic?  In Amazonian cultures, men act as though they are in labor in order to attract negative spirits when their wives are giving birth. 44. Which of the following are types of revitalization movements?  messianic, nativistic, and millenarian movements 45. Which of the following is common to Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam?  They all began with an individual receiving divine inspiration and developed into formal religions governed by elite religious specialists.

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