APES_2324_Guided_Notes_064_065

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NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ APES 2324 – Guided Notes (B. Boswell 2024) 6.4 Distribution of Natural Energy Resources 1. According to the Slide Set, which geopolitical entity has the largest amount of coal? The United States has the largest amount of coal 2. Explain why this is the case. The U.S has been a major producer and consumer of coal, historically tied to its energy infrastructure, industrial development, and resource abundance 3. It is the case that China produces the largest amount of coal, but it does not have the largest energy reserves. Describe why this inconsistency occurs. China has a large population and a rapidly growing economy which leads to domestic energy consumption. The demand for coal within the country has made it necessary for China to produce and consume a lot of coal despite not having the largest reserves. 4. Describe the process of coal formation. Coal forms through the gradual transformation of plant material over millions of years. Dead plants accumulate, forming peat. Peat undergoes compaction and lithification which turns it into lignite. Lignite then turns into bituminous coal and can later progress to anthracite coal. 5. Describe the process of crude oil formation. Crude oil forms from ancient marine plants and animals that died and sank to the ocean floor. Over time, heat and pressure turned them into hydrocarbons, creating a substance called kerogen. Kerogen transforms into liquid hydrocarbons with heat and pressure which then forms crude oil. The oil then moves from the rocks to porous rocks to later be extracted. 6. The large flame of an oil well is burning off what substance. Natural gas 7. Describe why this substance is burned off. It is done to dispose of the amount of released natural gas during oil extraction when there isn’t sufficient infrastructure to use the gas. 8. What is the primary use of petroleum products? Petroleum products are used as a source of energy in the form of fuels such as gasoline and heating oil. They’re also used as raw materials in the production of various goods, including plastics, synthetic materials, lubricants, and chemicals. 9. Describe two benefits of coal extraction and usage.

NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ 1. Coal is used an important source of energy and is available globally. Coal is reliable due to its presence everywhere and is reliable for electricity generation, industrial processes, and heating. 2. Coal extraction and usage contribute to the economy by providing employment opportunities in mining and transportation. The industry plays a vital role in supporting local economies and communities. 10. Describe three disadvantages of coal extraction and usage. 1. The burning of coal releases large amounts of carbon dioxide as well as other pollutants which contributes to air pollution and climate change. Coal mining can also lead to deforestation. 2. The extraction and use of coal can cause health risks to miners and nearby communities. Miners may be exposed to harmful substances such as coal dust, and the combustion of coal releases pollutants that can affect the health of those living in proximity to power plants. 3. Coal is a non renewable resource and its extraction can lead to the depletion of coal reserves in certain areas. The industry may turn to more challenging and environmentally sensitive methods of extraction. 11. How does coal ash form and accumulate? Coal ash is formed during the combustion of coal in power plants. When coal is burned, it goes through combustion which produces heat and various byproducts. The ash content does not combust and remains as solid residues. 12. What happened in Knoxville, TN in December 2008? A wall holding back coal ash in Kingston, Tennessee collapsed. This caused a big release of over billion gallons of toxic coal ash slurry, which flooded nearby areas and rivers. 13. Describe why oil is advantageous as an energy source for transportation. Oil is a great energy source for transportation because it has a lot of energy packed into a small space, and it’s in a liquid form that’s easy to move around. This makes it perfect for vehicles such as cars and ships. 14. Describe four disadvantages of oil extraction and usage. 1. Oil extraction and usage can lead to environmental pollution, including oil spills that harm marine life and ecosystems 2. Burning oil contributes to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This contributes heavily to global warming.

NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ 3. Oil is finite so its extraction can lead to the depletion of oil reserves. As the reserves diminish, there is an increased pressure to explore and extract oil. 4 Many oil rich regions are prone to geological conflicts. Dependence on oil can lead to political and economic instability as people fight over these resources. 15. Use one of the following: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/wilderness-crown- jewel-opening-for-drilling-industry-interest-weak OR https://www.wilderness.org/wild-places/alaska/oil- drilling-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge OR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy to explain why oil exploration should or should not occur in ANWR. The refuge is one of the world’s last places free from development. The health of Arctic species should be protected. If oil companies are allowed to drill on the refuge’s sensitive coastal plain, this essential landscape will be lost forever. 16. Describe two benefits of using natural gas. 1. Natural gas is the cleanest of the fossil fuels and contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates. 2. Natural gas is also very convenient and desirable as long as it can be supplied by pipeline. 17. Explain what “fracking” is. Fracking, short for hydraulic fracturing, is a method of oil and gas extraction that uses high pressure fluids to force open existing cracks in rocks deep underground. 18. Explain why fracking is hazardous for the environment. Large amounts of water are used in the fracking process, with millions of gallons of water taken out of local streams and rivers and pumped down or injected into each gas well. 19. Use https://www.nrdc.org/stories/fracking-101#alternatives to explain 3 disadvantages associated with fracking. 1. Fracking consumes a massive amount of water and the amount of water used per frack job has grown over time, exacerbating fracking’s impact on supplies.

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NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ 2. Fracking operations risk polluting the water as well. Spills and leaks can occur throughout the fracking process, including during the transportation of concentrated chemical additives; the mixing and pumping of fracturing fluids 3. Air pollution can also be caused from fracking activities and is a serious problem that threatens the health of communities. 20. Use https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-has-fracking-changed-our-future to describe two positive impacts of fracking. 1. Fracking is used as a bridge fuel to slash our oil dependence while buying us time to develop new technologies that will replace fossil transportation 2. Federal and state government revenues could rise a lot due to fracking. In 2012, the revolution added 62 billion dollars to federal and state government revenues. It is stated to be projected around 113 billion dollars by 2022. 21. Read https://www.nrdc.org/bio/alison-kelly/south-floridas-dirty-secret-oil and explain why some people want to extract oil in Southwest Florida. The motivations for oil development in Southwest Florida involve private ownership of mineral rights, political influence, and efforts to navigate regulatory processes for exploration and drilling. 22. According to https://www.ipaa.org/fracking/ describe some of the advantages of fracking. Fracking has created millions of American jobs, reduced energy prices, brought cleaner air, strengthened our national security, and transformed the United States into a global energy superpower 23. If the profits of fracking was distributed to Florida residents, explain your reasoning for whether you would favor or oppose fracking in the Everglades. I would oppose fracking in the Everglades since it may bring about concerns in the Everglades long term. Although, it may provide short term economic benefits, the Everglades is unsuitable for fracking activities to be used long term.

NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ 24. Now noting that none of the profits will go to your family, explain your reasoning for whether you would favor or oppose fracking in the Everglades. I would oppose fracking in the everglades since we should focus on exploring the alternative and more sustainable sources of energy that can be used long term and won’t bring about many disadvantages or drawbacks. 25. Explain the relationship between shale gas and fracking. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_gas Shale gas is an unconventional natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Fracking has made large volumes of shale gas more economical to produce. 26. Explain the relationship between tar sands and natural gas and crude oil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_sands Tar sands which are extracted from sedimentary mixtures yield crude oil. Natural gas is extracted through drilling and serves as an energy source while crude oil is refined for petroleum products. All three contribute to environmental impacts. 27. Using https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-development/mining-and-minerals/oil-shale-and-tar- sands and other resources describe how oil shale and tar sands are similar and how they are different. Similarities: Both oil shale and tar sands contain hydrocarbons. They both contain bitumen. Both are also sedimentary rocks which have formed over time turning organic matter into hydrocarbons. The largest known deposits of oil shale are in Utah, and tar sands resources are mainly found in eastern Utah. Differences: Oil shale extraction involves methods such as surface mining followed by heating, while, Tar sands are extracted through surface mining and followed by the separation of bitumen from sand and clay. The total in place oil shale resources are estimated to be 4.3 trillion barrels. In place tar sands are estimated to be at 12 billion to 19 billion barrels.

NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ 28. According to the Smedes Slide Set, what are the 2 main ways that crude oil (petroleum) is recovered. 1. Natural pressure 2. Injecting water or gas to enhance extraction 29. Describe how these two recovery methods are different. Natural pressure is a primary recovery whereas injecting water or gas is a secondary recovery to increase pressure and enhance oil recovery. 30. Explain the process of fractional distillation ( https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdk6jsg/revision/1 ) OR ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tpy7VFcpwSw ) OR if you are really interested in this process: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tpy7VFcpwSw ) Fractional distillation is a refining process where crude oil is heated and the components are separated based ion their differing boiling points. Lighter components rise to the top while heavier ones sink. 31. Describe the geological features associated with natural gas reserves. Natural gas reserves are associated with geological features like underground rock formations and porous reservoirs. Natural gas is normally found in sedimentary rocks including sandstone and shale, where it accumulates in pockets or traps. 32. Describe the geologic features associated with coal reserves. Coal reserves are found in sedimentary rock formations. Coal forms from the remains of plants that died millions of years ago. Pressure and heat build up to transform these plants into coal. 33. Explain how coal is converted into electricity. Coal is converted into electricity through a process that involves burning coal to produce heat. The steam drives turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. 34. Looking at the AP Exam tip on page 431, describe how will you similarly describe how each fossil fuel is converted into electricity. You would discuss the combustion of the fossil fuel to produce heat. This

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NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ heat is then used to generate steam which powers turbines which are connected to generators which then produce electricity 35. Looking at the AP Exam tip on page 431, describe how will you describe how water at dams is converted into electricity, like the Hoover Dam that powers Las Vegas. Hydropower involves capturing the energy of flowing water. Water is then released from a reservoir, flows through turbines, and generates electricity. 36. Looking at the AP Exam tip on page 431, describe how will you describe how wind is converted into electricity. Wind energy is converted into electricity through wind turbines. The kinetic energy of moving air rotates the blades or turbines, which are connected to generators. The generators then produce electricity. This is a process known as wind power generation. 37. Looking at the AP Exam tip on page 431, describe how will you describe how nuclear power is converted into electricity. Nuclear power is converted into electricity in a process called nuclear fission. In a nuclear reactor, uranium atoms undergo fission. This releases a huge amount of heat. The heat is then used to produce steam which drives turbines connected to generators which then creates electricity. 40. If 24,000 megaJoules of chemical energy in coal is converted with a 35% efficiency and is transmitted along a 38 mile conduction path of electrical transmission lines which have a 90% efficiency. Then calculate and indicate how much energy in kWh reaches a given customer each month. (1kWh – 3.6 megaJoules) 2100 kWh x 90 percent = 1890 kWh each month 41. Complete the Practice Math and graphing on page 433, on your own paper or on the subsequent pages. a) The electricity generated would be about 2695 kWh b) The sulfur released would be 10 kg 42. Complete AP Practice Questions on page 434, BOTH MC (#1-7) and the FRQ. 1. A

NAME: ___________________________________ PERIOD: _____ DATE: ________ 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D FRQ a) Natural gas has increased since 2000 b) The use of coal has increased and decreased in usage over the years since 1850 c) Emissions of sulfur into the atmosphere have dropped due to better preventative methods d) Petroleum has been the most used energy source to the rising use of vehicles and modern technology. This could explain the reason since vehicles and technology are part of our everyday lives. e) Electricity is produced from fossil fuels through combustion, steam generation, and generator operation f) Natural gas has increased significantly during the last 20 years because of the rise of automobiles’ usage. This is the peak time when new vehicles are being created.

APES_2324_Guided_Notes_064_065

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