BIO201 Lab 6
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201
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Jan 9, 2024
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Student Name:
MA ERICKA RENEE SAUVE
Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit):
2XVADW
Lab Report Format Expectations
Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre-
lab Questions
1.
List the functions of the skeletal system.
Skeletal sysem stabilises the Posture and stable the body movemens . It also take part in
ca and phosphae regulations.
2.
What material contributes the greatest to the compressive strength of bone?
Calcium phosphates and Calcium carbonates 3.
Briefly describe the process of bone remodeling.
at first soft caluses is formed once bone is fractured. which leads to formation of hard caluses then minerals are deposited which remodels bone according to needs of bone functions
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Introduction Questions
1.
Why is it important to classify bones? Provide a few sentences in response to this question, below. It will help in studying each bone comprehensively and easily.
Data and Observations
Insert your observations for this experiment in the table below. Table 6: Classification of Bones
Bone Name
Classification by Shape
Classification by Location
Femur
Long
Appendicular
Carpals
Short
Appendicular
Vertebra
Irreula
Axial
Frontal
flat
Axial
Ulna
Long
Appendicular
Sternum
Flat
Axial
Temporal
Flatt
Axial
Radius
Long
Appendicular
Tibia Long
Appendicular
Tarsals
Short Appendicular
Results and Discussion
1.
Aside from length, what are some other common characteristics of a long bone? Are long bones typically associated with the axial or appendicular skeleton? They are associated with appendicular skeleton as they are long have to make appendages and They Flat ends that provide site for the attachments of muscles
2.
Compare flat bones and long bones. How are they different? How are they the same?
Both have red bone marrow. Flat bones are thin flat and Long bones are long and sphericle in shape.
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 2: DIGITAL SLIDE EXAMINATION - BONES
Introduction Questions
1.
What is the purpose of cortical bone? What is the purpose of trabecular bone?
Corticles are present on shaft of long bones and are dense providing strength to the bone they also releases chemicals
2.
What are trabeculae? What is their function?
They are part of bone tissue seen microscopically that anchors parts of bone and body where they are part
3.
What are haversian systems? What is their function?
Haversion system consist of canals in sponge bone which provides oxygen and nutrition as it is vascular part.
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Data and Observations
1.
Label the arrows in the following digital slide for a cortical bone:
A.
Interstitial lamellae.
B.
Haversion system
C.
Concentric lamellae
D.
Haversion canals
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
2.
Label the arrows in the following digital slide for a trabecular bone:
A.
TRABECULAE
B.
marrow cavity
Results and Discussion
1.
Compare and contrast cortical and trabecular bone.
Both bones provide support and structural shape to the body They are composed of osteocytes Only difference between these is that corticle is denser and harder while other one has water and is softer.
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 3: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE AXIAL SKELETON Introduction Questions
1.
Why aren’t teeth considered bones?
Because they have different composition and structure than that is required for the tissue to be considered as bone.
Data and Observations
In the table below, insert 4 screenshots from the virtual model for the following: the coccyx, the
sternum, the occipital condyle and the parietal bone. Resize your photos to fit them inside the table and to keep the table on one page. Each photo is worth a separate point value. 1. Photo of Coccyx
2. Photo of Sternum
3. Photo of Occipital Condyle
4. Photo of Parietal Bone
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Results and Discussion
1.
What features are located medial to the cranium and the mandible? Identify the category here. These are the cavities which are celled sinuses they are four in this catagory.
2.
How many individual items are included in this category? (
Hint
: The answer is not a bone.)
4 3.
Identify the two major bones which compose the head. Frontal and occipital.
4.
To what bone does the right scapula attach?
Right scapul is attached to right clevicle and humerus 5.
Is the left clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula?
There is no such relation exist between scapul and clevicle of contraleteral size.
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 4: PHYSICAL SKELETON - THE AXIAL SKELETON
Introduction Questions
1.
What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the function of each.
Skull Sternum and vertbrae
2.
Using the image of a skull below, fill in the blanks with the correct bone names.
A.
Sphenoid.
B.
Zygomatic
C.
Madible
D.
Frontal bone
E.
Supra orbital margina
F.
Vomer
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
3.
On the vertebra below, fill in the blanks with the correct vertebral structure.
A.
Vertebral arch.
B.
Vertebral body
C.
Spinous process D.
Transvers process E.
Vetebral foramen
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Data and Observations
Record your observations for Experiment 4 in the four tables below, as specified in the procedure. Table 12: Cervical Vertebrae Observations
Vertebral Feature
Observations
Size of cervical vertebrae in comparison to those of the thoracic and lumbar region
They are larger than Thoracic and Lumbar but are
thinner
Shape of the vertebral foramen
Triangular
Spinous process of the C3 – C6
vertebrae
Bifid spinous process Spinous process of the C7 vertebra
prevalent spinous process
Table 13: Thoracic Vertebrae Observations
Vertebral Feature
Observations
Size and weight of the thoracic
vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar region
Thicker than cervicle and lumbar
Shape of the vertebral body
Unique shape
Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process
Long and thick
Table 14: Lumbar Vertebrae Observations
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Vertebral Feature
Observations
Size of the lumbar vertebrae in
comparison to those of the cervical and thoracic region
Thickest
Shape of the vertebral body
Oval shaped
Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process
Posterior
Table 15: Rib Feature Observations
Rib Feature
Observations
Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?)
They increase in length
Length of ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?)
They decrease in length
Articulation of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae
Ribs 2-9 articulate wIth 2 costal facets on corresponding
vartebrae REST WITH SINGLE FACET
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Results and Discussion
1.
For the following bones, state whether they are cranial or facial bones and give their location.
Bone
Facial or Cranial
Location
Temporal Bones
Cranial
Walls of cranium
Mandible
Facial Lower jaw
Vomer
Facial
Nose Zygomatic Bones
Facial Cheek bone
Parietal Bones
Cranial
Superior and lateral wall of
cranium
Ethmoid Bone
Cranial
Floor of the cranium and roof of
the Nasal cavity
Sphenoid Bone
Cranial
Floor of the cranium
Lacrimal Bones
Facial
Medial wall of eye sockets
2.
What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region.
Cervical Curved oval and small
Thoracic Medium unique shape of heart , Facet for rib articulation
Lumbar , Very large oval and flat
3.
What are the atlas and axis? What are their functions? Atlas is the 1
st
cervicle vertebra and axis is the 2
nd
4.
5.
What is the purpose of the thoracic cage?
Thoracic cage prvoide protection of internal organs such as Heart lungs and aorta . and give a good shape
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
6.
Describe the three components of the sternum. Menubrium of sternum is flat and is upper part.
Body of Sternum is long and middle part
Xiphisternum is pointy end of sternum
7.
Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs.
1
st
seven are true ribs they are direclty attached with sterm thorugh costal cartilage
False ribs are attched with true ribs through costal cartilage Floating ribs are not attached at costal end they are free floating
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 5: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Introduction Questions
1.
What is the appendicular skeleton? Provide a brief overview in your own words below. Skeleton that is composed of limbs of body is appendicular skeleon it consists of upper limb and lower limbs it provides movements and locomotion to body.
Data and Observations
In the table below, insert 4 screenshots from the virtual model for the following: the radius, the
scapula, the tarsus and the patella. Resize your photos to fit them inside the table and to keep the table on one page. Each photo is worth a separate point value. 1. Photo of Radius
2. Photo of Scapula
3. Photo of Tarsus
4. Photo of Patella
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Results and Discussion
1.
How many left metatarsals are there?
5.
2.
Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella?
Inferior
3.
Are the ossa digitorum or the ossa metatarsalia more medial? Ossa Metataselia.
4.
Which two bones attach to the patella?
Femu and tibia
5.
Identify the three bones which comprise the leg.
Femur tibia, fibula
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 6: PHYSICAL SKELETON - THE APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
Introduction Questions
1.
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of? Composed of upperlimbs and lower limbs.
2.
What are the two regions that divide the appendicular skeleton? Upper limb and lower limb.
Data and Observations
1.
In this experiment, you were to locate several bones using your body as a physical model. Describe, below, some observations you made during the procedure. Your response should cover any observations of note. For example: Which bones were the easiest to find? Which were the most difficult? (
Hint
: Your response should be 4-5 sentences in length.)
I EXAMINED Uppe limb my observation was that Humerus head was papable at ssoulder
joint which is forming Joint with Scapula and clevicle . Deltoid is most supericial muscle , After that I palpapted Elbow joint having olecrnon process ar medial end there is cubital fossa at the anterior of Elbow, Radial pulse was paplpable at the head of radius at wrist joint
Results and Discussion
1.
What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the four parts of lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton?
Upper extermity 1. Humerus 2. Radius,3, Ulna . 4. Carpal bones Lower extermity 1. Femur . 2. Hip bone . 3 tibis 4. Fibula .
2.
Compare and contrast the size and function of the upper and lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton.
Upper extermity is smaller and provides assisatance in gripping things and movements Lower extermity is larger its main function is to provide locomotion 3.
What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their location in relation to one another?
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
These are ilium ishium and pubis . Ishium is inferiorly posterior to ilium and pubis is inferiorly anterior to ilium
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 7: ARTICULATIONS
Introduction Questions
1.
What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type?
They are classified as joint composition or their articulation movements. Three classification of each type include Fibrous cartilaginous o synovial 2.
Define the term “articulations”. What are they and what is their function? Articulation means the formation of joint with other bones Data and Observations
1.
For the following, match the correct synovial joint classification to the correct joint, and to the movement it produces. Report these in the table below. a.
Pivot Joint
b.
Gliding Joint
c.
Ball and Socket Joint
d.
Condyloid Joint
e.
Saddle Joint
f.
Hinge Joint
Joint
Articulating Bones
Type of Synovial Joint
Movement
Elbow
Humerus radius and
ulna
Hinge
Flexion extension
Knee
Tibia fibula and
femur
Hinge Flexion and Extension
Hip
Hip bone and femur
Ball and socket Flexion , extension ,
abduction , adduction
and rotation Ankle
Tibia fibula , talus
Gliding
Flexion, abduction ,
adduction and
rotation Wrist
Radius and proximal
carpal bones Input
Flexion , extension ,
abduction , adduction
and
Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Joint
Articulating Bones
Type of Synovial Joint
Movement
cicumduction
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Results and Discussion
1.
What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type?
They are classified as joint composition or their articulation movements. Three classification of each type include Fibrous cartilaginous o synovial 2.
Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type.
Fibrous are Syndesmoses where joints have small amout of dense fibrous connective tissue like distal tibiofibular joint
Sutures are joint with little or no connnective tissue like joints in cranial cavity are called sutures.
3.
A symphysis and synchondroses are two classifications of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifications? They are cartilaginous joints Symphysis have disc of fibrocartilage while synchondroses have hyaline cartilage
4.
What allows synovial joints to be diarthrotic?
Synovial fluis allows the synovial joint to be diarthrotic
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
EXPERIMENT 8: SKELETAL SYSTEM OF A FETAL PIG
Introduction Questions
1.
In this experiment you will dissect a fetal pig in order to observe its skeletal system. Why
is the fetal pig a good model for this study? What might be a drawback? Fetal pigs is easy to handle and have characteristics similar to human skeleton major draw back is that He is not as similer to human.
Data and Observations
Record your observations as stated in the experimental procedure in the table below. Ensure you provide enough to satisfy the intent of the requirements in the procedure. Submissions that do not contain the required observations as noted in the experimental procedure may be rejected. Table 31: Skeletal Region Observations
Skeletal Region
Observations
Axial Skeleton
Small bones Appendicular
Skeleton
hard and rough feeling Joints
Small joints
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Insert a high resolution photo of the fetal pig you observed in the dissection tray. Your handwritten name and access code must be clearly visible
in the background. Photos that are of too low resolution, that appear inauthentic, that appear edited, or that do not show the pig, dissection tray and a clearly written name and access code will be rejected.
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Lab 6 The Skeletal System
BIO201L
Results and Discussion
1.
What are some of the similarities and differences you noticed between the human skeletal system and the palpation of the fetal pig skeletal system? Provide a detailed analysis below based on your observations. (
Hint
: Your response should likely include more than 5 sentences.)
Presence of snout and Tail is the mojor difference in skeletal system of pig and human do not have snout and tails and joints of pig are smaller . AXIAL skeleton of pig has small
bones as compared to that of human
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