BIO2350L_01_Matta (1)
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California State University, Northridge *
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Aerospace Engineering
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Jan 9, 2024
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CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA Lab 9: Spirometry Learning Outcomes By completion of this lab students will be able to: 1.
Calculate the predicted vital capacity of a subject's lungs. 2.
Calculate percent error of a calibration. 3.
Use spirometry to measure the volumes and capacities of the lungs. 4.
Measure the forced expiratory volume. 5.
Compare the forced expiratory volume to vital capacity ratio with predicted values to conclude if a subject is likely to be suffering from respiratory disease. 6.
Measure a subject's maximum voluntary ventilation. 7.
Explain how respiratory disease is likely to affect a subject's vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, and maximum voluntary ventilation. Background Spirometery
is a technique that is used to measure the amount of air moving through the lungs over time. The amount of air that fits in the lungs can be divided into volumes
. The sum of one or more volumes is a capacity
. See the "Introduction to Spirometry" video on Canvas for detailed explanation of the volumes and capacities. Spirometry is important because it is used to diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The third leading cause of death in the United States is COPD. Materials and Equipment Materials:
8.
AFT1 disposable air filter 9.
AFT2 disposable mouthpiece 10.
AFT3 disposable nose clip Equipment: 11.
Biopac airflow transducer SS11LA x1 12.
AFT6A syringe x1
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA Methods for Measurement of Volumes and Capacities Predicting the Subject's Vital Capacity 13.
Complete Table 1
with information for the test subject. 14.
Use the subject's gender to choose the correct formula below. Use the correct formula to calculate the subject’s predicted vital capacity using the information in Table 1
. The formulas use the following units; height is in cm, age is in years, and vital capacity is in liters. 𝑉𝐶
?𝑎??
= [0.052(𝐻) − 0.022(𝐴)] − 3.60
𝑉𝐶
???𝑎??
= [0.041(𝐻) − 0.018(𝐴)] − 2.69
Calibration for Vital Capacity Measurement Data for lung volumes are collected using a flow transducer. To check that the flow transducer has been properly calibrated, a known volume of air is forced through the flow transducer. By comparing the volume of air that is recorded by the Biopac software with the known volume of air we can determined whether the data recorded matches the physical volume pushed through the device. For accurate data collection, the percent error between the known volume and the recorded volume should be as close to 0% as possible. Today, if the percent error is less than 5% then the calibration is okay. If the percent error is greater than 5% then redo the calibration. Ask your instructor for help if necessary. 15.
Watch the calibration video on Canvas. 16.
Open "L12 Pulmonary Function I" on Biopac. 17.
Read the information on the "hardware" and "calibration" tabs of the setup. A calibration syringe (AFT6A) and filter are attached to the airflow transducer (SS11LA). Air is pumped in and out of the airflow transducer five times to mimic breathing (Figure 1)
. When ready, click "calibrate." Figure 1.
Syringe and airflow transducer held horizontally during the calibration. 18.
The known volume of the AFT6A syringe seen in the calibration video is 0.61L. Use the following formula to calculate the percent error. Enter values in Table 2
.
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA % 𝐸???? =
(𝑅??????? 𝑉????? − 𝐾???? 𝑉?????)
𝐾???? 𝑉?????
× 100
Measuring Vital Capacity 19.
Watch the "Spirometry Test" video on Canvas. 20.
During the vital capacity measurement the subject is seated in a relaxed position facing away from the computer monitor. The subject wears a nose clip and holds airflow transducer vertically (
Figure 2
). The subject breathes normally through the mouthpiece for 5 breaths then inhales as deeply as possible and exhales completely before returning to breathing normally. Figure 2
. Airflow transducer with disposable mouthpiece. 21.
Check to see if the recording resembles Figure 3
. Figure 3
. Example data for measurement of vital capacity. 22.
Insert the value for the Predicted vital capacity that you calculated in Table 1
. in Table 3
. 23.
Measure the observed vital capacity using the data in Figure 1
. Record this measurement in Table 3
.
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CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA 24.
Compare the observed and predicted values for the vital capacity using the equation below. Note that 80% of predicted values are still considered within the “normal” range.
???????? 𝑉𝑖??? 𝐶????𝑖?𝑦
????𝑖???? 𝑉𝑖??? 𝐶????𝑖?𝑦
∗ 100%
25.
Complete Tables 4
by measuring the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during tidal inhales and exhales for your subject. For example, in Figure 3 the first inhale raises the amount of air in the lungs from 3 to 4 liters so the volume of this tidal inhale is 1 liter. The first tidal exhale in Figure 3 lowers the amount of air in the lungs from 4 to 2.75 liters so the volume of this tidal exhale is 1.25 liters. 26.
Complete Table 5
. Methods for Measuring Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) and Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is the percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC) that a person can forcibly expel over 1, 2, and 3 seconds. Typically, a healthy adult can expel 80% of their lung’s vital capacity in the 1st second (FEV1).
27.
Open "L13 Pulmonary Function II" on Biopac. 28.
Calibrate using the AFT6A syringe. The known volume of the AFT6A syringe is 0.61L. Use the following formula to calculate the percent error. Complete Table 6
. % 𝐸???? =
(𝑅??????? 𝑉????? − 𝐾???? 𝑉?????)
𝐾???? 𝑉?????
× 100
29.
Watch the video "Forced Expiratory Volume" on Canvas. 30.
During the forced expiratory volume test the subject is seated in a relaxed position facing away from the computer monitor. The subject wears a nose clip and holds airflow transducer vertically. The subject inhales as deeply as possible then forcefully and maximally exhales. For the maximum exhalation, it is important to push all the air out of the lungs as quickly as possible. a.
Biopac may prompt you to continue with the MVV recording before presenting the data for analysis. If so, skip to the method for MVV and revisit steps 5-7 of FEV when all recordings are complete and you are ready to analyze your data. 31.
Compare the recording with Figure 4
.
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA Figure 3.
Example forced expiratory volume (FEV) recording. 32.
Measure the FEV for the time intervals indicated in Table 7
for the test subject. For example, in Figure 4
the total volume of exhalation after 2 seconds is approximately 6.25 liters. Data for your test subject should differ from the example data. Enter measured FEV values in Table 7
. 33.
Measure the vital capacity for the test subject. For example, Figure 4
shows an exhalation with a total volume of 6.5 liters. Measurements for your test subject should differ from example data. Enter the VC for your test subject in Table 7
. Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) tests are conducted to assess a person’s overall pulmonary ventilation. This test combines volume and flow rates to assess how much air a subject can move through their lungs over a period of one minute. 34.
This lesson also uses "L13 Pulmonary Function II" on Biopac. 35.
Calibrate using the AFT6A syringe and calculate the percent error of the calibration using the formula below. Complete Table 8
. % 𝐸???? =
(𝑅??????? 𝑉????? − 𝐾???? 𝑉?????)
𝐾???? 𝑉?????
× 100
36.
Watch the video "Maximum Voluntary Ventilation" on Canvas. 37.
During the maximal voluntary ventilation test the subject is seated in a relaxed position facing away from the computer monitor. The subject wears a nose clip and holds airflow transducer vertically. During the recording, the subject breathes normally for 20 seconds, then breathes as quickly and as deeply as possible for 12-15 seconds, and finally returns to normal breathing for another 20 seconds. During the 12-15 seconds of hyperventilation, the emphasis is on speed rather than depth of breathing. The breathing rate should be around one breath per second.
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA 38.
Compare the recording with Figure 5
. Proceed if recordings are similar. Redo the recording if necessary. Figure 4
. Example maximal voluntary ventilation recording. 39.
Count the number of hyperventilation respiratory cycles that occurred in a 12 second period during your MVV recording. Enter this value in Table 9
. Then calculate the respiratory rate (RR), the number of hyperventilation respiratory cycles that would occur if the subject hyperventilated for a full minute. Note that this is calculated as the number of cycles in a 12 second period times 5. Enter the calculated value in Table 9
. 40.
Complete Table 10
by measuring the volume for each hyperventilation during the maximal voluntary ventilation test. Note that the recording contains tidal breaths for approximately the first 20 seconds and hyperventilations for the next 12-15 seconds. Only measure hyperventilations, not tidal breaths. If the subject did not complete 14 cycles, delete the extra rows on the Table 10
. 41.
Calculate the maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) using the equation below by multiplying the average volume per cycle (AVPC, Table 10
) by the respiratory rate (RR, Table 9
). Enter the value in Table 11
. 𝑀𝑉𝑉 = 𝐴𝑉?𝐶 ∗ 𝑅𝑅
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CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA Results Table 1
. Information for the test subject used to calculate the predicted vital capacity. Gender Height (cm) Age (years) Calculated Vital Capacity (L) Male 182.22 cm 26 5.621 L Table 2
. Calculation of percent error for vital capacity measurement calibration. Recorded Volume (L) Known Volume (L) Percent Error (%) 0.587 0.61 3.77% Table 3
. Comparison of the observed vital capacity with the predicted vital capacity. Observed Vital Capacity (L) Predicted Vital Capacity (L) Observed vs. Predicted Vital Capacity (%) 4.858 4.963 97.88% Table 4
. Calculation of average tidal volume. Measurement Volume (L) Tidal Inhale Cycle 1 1.077 Tidal Exhale Cycle 1 0.941 Tidal Inhale Cycle 2 1.122 Tidal Inhale Cycle 2 1.043 Mean 1.046
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA Table 5.
Measurement and calculation of lung volumes and capacities. Measurement Volume (L) Calculations Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 2.875 Not necessary Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 1.650 Not necessary Residual Volume (RV) 2.650 Not necessary Inspiratory Capacity (IC) 3.921 TV + IRV= 1.650 + 1.00 = 2.650 Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) (Cannot be found using software or any technique, must be calculated!) ERV + RV= 1.046 + 2.8775 = 3.921 Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 7.675 IRV+TV+ERV+RV= 2.875+0.5+1.650+2.650=7.675 Table 6
. Calculation of percent error for FEV measurement calibration. Recorded Volume (L) Known Volume (L) Percent Error (%) 0.596 0.61 2.29 % Table 7
. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities. Time Interval (s) FEV (L) VC (L) (FEV/VC) x 100 (%) FEV Normal Adult Range 0-1
3.033 4.858 62.42 FEV1
66-83%
0-2
4.227 4.858 87.00 FEV2
75-94%
0-3
4.228 4.858 87.02 FEV3
78-97%
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA Table 8
. Calculation of percent error for MVV measurement calibration. Recorded Volume (L) Known Volume (L) Percent Error (%) 0.006 0.061 1.639 % Table 9
. Calculation of the respiratory rate (RR), the number of hyperventilation respiratory cycles that would occur if the subject hyperventilated for a full minute. Hyperventilations in 12 seconds
(cycles) Hyperventilations in 60 seconds, RR
(cycles per minute) 27 137 Table 10
. Volumes measured during the MVV test and the average volume per cycle (AVPC). Hyperventilation Volume Measurement (L) 1
0.539 2
0.382 3
0.771 4
0.502 5
0.432 6
0.492 7
0.543 8
0.602 9
0.562 10
0.765 11
0.689 12
0.589 13
0.587 14
0.567 Sum 8.024
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CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA Hyperventilation Volume Measurement (L) Mean (AVPC) 0.573 Table 11
. Calculation of maximum voluntary ventilation. MVV equals RR multiplied by AVPC. Respiratory Rate (cycles/min) Average Volume per Cycle (L/cycle) Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (L/min) 137 0.573 78.521 Conclusion 42.
Tidal volume (TV), or normal breathing, for a resting subject is about 500 mL. During exercise however, it can jump to more than 3 L (3,000 mL)! Was your group’s measured TV greater than, equal to, or less than the resting average? See Table 4
. A. Greater than B. Equal to C. Less than 43.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is different for males and for females. Resting IRV for young female adults is about 1,900 mL while for young male adults is an average of 3,300 mL. Was your group’s measured IRV greater than, equal to, or less than the resting average? See Table 5
. A. Greater than B. Equal to C. Less than 44.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is also different across males and females. Average young female adults 700 mL, while it is about 1,000 mL for young male adults. Was your group’s measured ERV greater than, equal to, or less than the resting average?
See Table 5
. A. Greater than B. Equal to C. Less than 45.
Why does predicted vital capacity vary with height? - Predicted vital capacity (PVC) varies with height primarily due to differences in lung size and the capacity of the respiratory system.
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA 46.
Other than height, what factors could affect a person's lung capacity? -Several factors can affect a person's lung capacity and overall lung function, in addition to height. Such as; age, gender, genetics, health conditions and lifestyle choices. 47.
How do your results compare with typical adult values for FEV1, FEV2, and FEV3? Are they greater, lesser than, or equal to the normal adult range? -
During a pulmonary function test, forced expiratory volumes (FEV1, FEV2, and FEV3) are measured at set intervals and are commonly reported as a percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC). These numbers, which vary from person to person depending on variables including age, gender, height, and general health, are used to evaluate lung function. 48.
Is it possible for someone to have a vital capacity of a normal range, but a value for FEV1, below normal range? Explain your answer. -
It is possible that a person’s forced expiratory volume in one second, or FEV1, might be below normal range even if their vital capacity (VC) is within the normal range. Due to circumstances or barriers that impact the rate of air flow or the person’s capacity to forcibly exhale air in the first second of a forced expiration, a person may have a normal vital capacity (VC) but a lowered FEV1. 49.
People with asthma tend to have smaller airways that are narrow due to smooth muscle constriction, thickening of the walls, and excessive mucus secretion. How would these conditions affect Vital Capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume (FEV) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)? -
Due to tighter airway muscles, thicker airway walls, and increased mucus, asthmatics have narrower airways. Since asthma narrows airways, it reduces Vital Capacity (VC), the greatest amount of air a person can exhale from the lungs following a maximum inhalation. The Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV), which measures the amount of air a person can forcefully expel in one second, may decrease because of constriction and excess mucus blocking airflow. Last, asthmatics can lower their Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV), which measures the highest amount of air they can intake and exhale in one minute. The constricted airways and abundant mucus make sustained fast breathing difficult, limiting MVV.
CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA 50.
Bronchodilator drugs open the airways and clear out mucus. How would you expect bronchodilator drugs to affect measurement of forced expiratory volume (FEV) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)? -
Bronchodilator medications relax airway muscles, enlarge the airway, and clear mucus, which asthmatics often have. Bronchodilators can significantly improve Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV), which measures how much air someone can exhale in one second. With more open airways and less mucus, people can exhale faster, increasing FEV. Bronchodilators can also improve Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV), which measures the most air inhaled and expelled in one minute. These medicines reduce airway blockage and ease breathing, enhancing MVV by allowing fast, sustained breathing. In summary, bronchodilator medicines make breathing easier, improving FEV and MVV values, making them essential for asthmatics. 51.
How would you expect measures of lung function (vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume (FEV) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)) to change with age? Explain your answer. -
Age-related respiratory system alterations can affect lung function metrics like Vital Capacity (VC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV), and Maximal Voluntary Ventilation. VC, the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs following a maximal inhalation, might decrease with age due to lung elasticity and chest wall muscle weakness. FEV may decrease due to lung flexibility, muscle strength, and airway narrowing that can restrict airflow. The greatest amount of air that may be inhaled and expelled in one minute, or MVV, may likewise drop with age. Older people may struggle to breathe rapidly due to decreasing muscle strength, lung elasticity, and airway narrowing, lowering MVV. Thus, ageing can lower VC, FEV, and MVV, indicating lung efficiency and function decline. References Cite sources here if necessary
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