Lab Concussions
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Temple University *
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Course
1021
Subject
Aerospace Engineering
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
docx
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2
Uploaded by ProfessorSnow18399
Questions Lab 6 Concussions
Question 1.
What quantity is represented by the area under the curve in a graph of force vs. Time?
The quantity represented by the area under the curve in the graph of force vs Time graph is impulse of
the collision. The area of the graph shows the force over time applied and is equivalent to the shift in
momentum of the object.
Question 2.
How does the duration (i.e., the time scale) of the impact differ between the two cases (with
vs without the helmet)?
In the time of contact, there is a larger average for those trials which included the helmet. The felt added
an additional 0.05 seconds on average to the impact of the time between the cart and impact, calculated
in our data.
Question 3.
Compare the average impulse from the trials with the helmet to those without the helmet.
Was there a significant difference (more than about 20 %) in the average impulse between the two
conditions? Was there a significant difference in the average maximum force between the two? It has
been shown that higher accelerations of the head cause concussions, does your data support the
common assertion that helmets help prevent concussions? Support your answer.
The impact is noticeably different with and without the helmet. The collision without the helmet was
noticeably larger than with the helmet on. The helmet acts as an impact pacifier, making the impact
weaker. The non-helmet impact trials had an average 0.005 N’s higher than those with the helmet.
Furthermore, the average force was also higher in non-helmet by about 0.004 N’s as opposed to those
with the helmets on. A higher impulse would allude that the force and acceleration for the object
without a helmet would show us that helmets help prevent limit damage as opposed without with the
higher acceleration.
The lower average force and impulse over a significant period can improve/help the device.
Question 4
. When the person experiences a rotational acceleration of 7000 rad/s2, what value of linear
acceleration in g’s would result in a 5 % chance of concussion? What linear acceleration causes a 5%
chance of concussion when the rotational value is lowered slightly to 6000 rad/s2?
Average impulse with a helmet is -0.190 N and with a helmet -0.2N. The percent difference being:
−
0.2
−
(
−
0.190
)
−
0.190
×
100
=
5.26%
. The average maximum force without helmet is -50.03N and with a
helmet -16.8N. the percent difference being:
−
16.8
−
(
−
50.03
)
−
50.03
×
100
=
66.46 %
. Data shows that
with a helmet there is a reduction in the max force being 66% lower and in increase in the average
impulse at 5% high to without the helmet.
Question 5
. Calculate the linear acceleration of the cart from Part I using the trial with the highest force
value you recorded. To do this, assume the cart has a mass of 0.2 kg and use Newton’s 2nd Law to find
the acceleration. Then Using this value of linear acceleration in g’s refer to Figure 1 to determine the
rotational acceleration that would have to occur for a 1% chance of concussion in your experiment.
The rotational acceleration is about 2500 rad/s^2 that would cause a 1% chance of a concussion
Question 6.
Figure 2 is a graph of the empirical cumulative distribution function (CDF) vs the linear
acceleration for two different data sets (HITS and NFL). The CDF is the fraction of observations that are
below the specified value on the x axis. For example, about 90 percent of the sub-concussive impacts in
the HITS data (solid black line) occurred at accelerations below 50 g. According to the NFL data set, what
was the highest acceleration experienced that did not cause a concussion? What was the minimum
acceleration that caused a concussion?
The highest acceleration experienced that did not cause a concussion was about 100g (linear
acceleration). The minimum acceleration that did cause a concussion was 25 g (linear acceleration).
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