PAD 4075 NOTES (UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT)

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Tallahassee Community College *

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3713

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Aerospace Engineering

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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WEEK 1 ( 1/12/2023 ) What’s UAS? ● UAS are Unmanned Aircraft Systems ● EMHS.CDRP primarily operates sUAS ● Examples of airframes: The DJI Mavic 3 Enterprise, Skydio X2E Why UAS? ● UAS don’t just have military or defense applications. ● The same devices can be used in public safety and international development. ● Common missions: search and rescue (SAR), orthomosaic mapping, archaeology, damage assessment, mitigation planning UAS Certificate Course Layout ● UAS 1: Ground School ● UAS 2: Flight School ● UAS 3: Applied Project 1/19/2023 Blue Sky/Grey Sky Normal day-to-day operations are considered ‘blue sky’ conditions. This is the default for all organizations involved in emergency response: law enforcement, fire service, emergency management, utility companies, National Guard, etc. ’Grey sky’ roles are different, and only come into play during disasters – when an emergency grows beyond the capacity of the normal responders to handle.

In grey sky conditions, agencies and specific personnel may do slightly different jobs than during blue sky days. They will certainly be dealing with events on a larger scale (it *is* a disaster after all). Law enforcement will still do law enforcement roles, but they will be focused on the disaster at hand. They may also perform their jobs in different jurisdictions to help out. Blue Sky Aviation Aviation may well be part of an agency or organization’s mission – think about law enforcement helicopters, or aerial ambulances (i.e. Lifeflight helicopters), or Coast Guard aircraft. These are often classified as ‘Public Aircraft Operations’. UAS are becoming a common part of these agencies ‘blue sky’ aviation operations. This includes law enforcement, fire departments, search and rescue organizations, etc. Grey Sky Aviation Aviation is a very perishable skill – if not practiced, capability quickly diminishes. It is the domain of experts – not just anyone can be a helicopter pilot tomorrow, that skill takes time and effort to gain, and time and effort to maintain. During a disaster, aviation resources from a variety of agencies will be tasked to assist in the disaster. The jobs these resources are given may be similar to what they do during blue sky, or they may be different. Aviation in the ICS Structure Aviation in ICS falls under the Operations Section. In a full ICS structure, aviation belongs to the Air Operations Branch, under the Operations Section Chief. The Air Operations Branch is run by the Air Operations Branch Director, who is colloquially known as the “Air Boss”. Air Operations Branch “Command and control of aviation-related resources remains the exclusive authority of the respective, individual agencies.” The mission or tasking comes from EM, but the specific *rules* or *procedures* for how to carry out that mission are specified by the agency that owns the resource. “Command and control of aviation-related resources remains the exclusive authority of the respective, individual agencies.” 1/24/2023

Fixed-Wing UAS Physical Components Fuselage: The fuselage is the main body of the UAS. It contains the flight controller and/or autopilot, radio receiver, power distribution systems, payload and includes attachment points for the wings. Empennage: The tail section of the aircraft. It provides necessary stability and control surfaces. Vertical Stabilizer: The vertical part of the empennage. It typically contains the rudder, which is the control surface that creates yaw. Horizontal Stabilizer: The horizontal part of the empennage. It typically includes the elevator; the control surface that creates pitch. Wing: The wing is the main lifting airfoil of the aircraft. It provides lift and includes the ailerons; the control surface that creates roll. Motor: The motor combined with the propeller provides forward thrust. Propeller: The propeller mounts on the motor shaft and provides thrust. Landing Gear: Most small fixed wing UAS do not have landing gear. They are designed to directly on the bottom of the fuselage. This is called a ‘belly landing’. The Four Forces The four forces of flight are lift, thrust, weight, and drag Weight The aircraft, like everything else, is attracted downward toward the earth by gravitational force. This force is measured as the aircraft’s weight. The aircraft must generate enough lift to overcome this weight. Weight can change during flight, if the aircraft is powered by consumable fuel. Most UAS, however, are powered by batteries, therefore the weight will remain constant during a flight Drag Drag is the resistance of air particles as they strike the aircraft and flow around it in flight. There are two components of drag. The first is called parasite drag , which results from the resistance of the form of the aircraft and the friction of air versus the surface of the aircraft. Parasite drag is increased when items are attached to the outside of the aircraft, including antennas, landing gear, etc. As part of creating lift, an airfoil also creates drag. This is called induced drag . Typically, as the AoA of an airfoil increases, induced drag increases. Pitch

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Pitch is the angle of the aircraft along the lateral axis. The lateral axis runs from wingtip to wingtip (or the approximation thereof). Pitch is demonstrated when the aircraft nose goes up and down. For an easy explanation, when you nod your head you are pitching your nose up and down. In a fixed-wing aircraft, “pitching down” moves the nose of the aircraft downward while “pitching up” raises the aircraft’s nose. In a multi-rotor, pitch is one way forward thrust is created. More on that in a few slides. Roll Roll is the angle of the aircraft along the longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axis runs from nose/front to tail/back (or the approximation thereof). Roll is demonstrated when the wingtips rotate up and down. For an easy explanation, when you lean your head to the side you are rolling your head. In a fixed-wing aircraft, “roll left” lowers the left wing and raises the right wing. “Roll right” lowers the right wing and raises the left wing. In a multi-rotor, roll is one way directional thrust is created. Yaw Yaw is the angle of the aircraft along the perpendicular axis. The perpendicular axis runs vertically through the aircraft from top to bottom. Yaw is demonstrated when the aircraft nose goes left or right. For an easy explanation, when you shake your head you are yawing your nose left and right. In a all aircraft, “yaw left” moves the nose of the aircraft left while “yaw right” moves the aircraft’s nose right.