Module 5 Outline Corporate Operations
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Reading Assignments: Chapter 5
Suggested Problems: Chapter 5: 42, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 54 (a,c,e), 55 (a-e), 56, 62 (ignore M-1)
Corporate Taxable Income
Realized income
(Excluded or deferred income)
Gross income
(Deductions)
Taxable income
Apply tax rates
Regular tax + other taxes= Total tax
(Credits and prepayments)
Tax due or (refund)
Accounting Periods and Methods
Accounting Period
o
A new corporation can elect to use either a calendar year or a fiscal year as its accounting period.
o
Corporation’s tax year must be the same as the annual accounting period used for financial accounting purposes o
Election is made by filing the first tax return for the selected period
o
Fiscal year is a 12-month period ending on the last day of any month other than December
Accounting Methods
What accounting methods can a corporation use?
-
Most c-corporations are required to be accrual
-
Cash basis okay if average annual gross receipts is 27 Mil or less
o
Or s-corps
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 1
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Book Income
+ unfavorable
- favorable
Taxable Income
Computing Corporate Regular Taxable Income
The starting point for computing taxable income is: Book Income
Book-to-Tax Differences
Effect on Taxable Income
Unfavorable
add
Favorable
subtract
Permanent book-tax difference:
Never reverse
Examples
Effect on Taxable Income
Fines/penalties
Not deductible
Municipal bond interest
Not taxable
Political contributions
Non deductible
Meals
50% deductible
Entertainment
Not deductible
Life Insurance (key persons)
Prem paid
not deductible
Proceeds
not taxable
Federal
income
tax expense
Not deductible
Temporary book-tax difference:
Reverses over time
Examples
Difference in Tax Treatment
Depreciation; gain/loss on sale of assets
Income / A/R /
prepaid exp
It depends
Bad debt exp (direct write-off method)
Deferred compensation
(Deduct in year of accrual if paid within 2.5 months of year end)
Purchased Goodwill: amortize over 180 months for tax purposes; book only expenses when impaired. Skip dividends discussion on page 8. We will cover this later in the chapter.
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 2
From taxable income perspective
Interest exp
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Corporate-Specific Deductions and Associated Book-Tax Differences
Skip stock options.
Net Capital Losses
How is the treatment of net capital gains and losses for corporations different from the treatment for individuals?
Individuals:
LT Cap gain: Taxed at preferential tax rate
Net capital loss: deduct $3,000 against ordinary income
-
Carry forward remaining
offset against c/g income & then deduct another $3000 each year
Corp:
-
Only offset cap loss against cap gain
-
Net C/L:
o
3 year carry back, 5 year carry forward
-
3
rd
preceding year, first
-
Offset against C/G only!
-
Can’t increase or create a NOL
How are net capital losses treated?
How are capital losses treated for book purposes?
They are deducted
EXAMPLE 1
In 2018, a corporation sells a capital asset, which it had held for two years, at a loss of $24,000. How much of the capital loss may be deducted in 2018, and how much is carried back or forward if also in 2018 the corporation had a long
‐
term capital gain of $15,000. 2015 (1)
2016 (2)
2017 (3)
2018
Taxable income
$20,000
$2,000
$24,000
Net LT Capital Gain/(Loss)
$5,000
$3,000
$0
Net Capital Loss Carryback
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 3
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Net Operating Losses
Excess of deductions over gross income
What adjustments are made to the “excess deductions over its gross income” amount to arrive at its NOL?
Carryback
Carryover
Limitation in Year of Use
NOL generated in a tax year beginning on or before December 31, 2017
NOL arising in a tax year beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021
NOL arising in a tax year beginning after December 31, 2020
EXAMPLE 2
Oak Corporation generated a $45,000 NOL in 2022. In 2023 and 2024, Oak Corporation had $35,000 and $5,000 of taxable income prior to NOL deduction, respectively. What will happen with the NOL from a tax perspective?
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 4
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Charitable Contributions
Property Contributed
Amount of Contribution
Cash
Capital gain property
Ordinary income property
EXAMPLE 3
On December 23, 2023, Red Corporation donates a painting (purchased August 2, 2007 and held as a capital asset) to the Georgia Museum of Art. Red’s basis in the painting is $35,000 and the fair market value on date of contribution is $100,000. What is Red’s charitable contribution amount?
How is timing of the charitable contribution deduction determined for cash method corporations?
How is timing determined for accrual method corporations?
EXAMPLE 4
On December 31, 2023, McRae Corporation, a calendar year, accrual basis taxpayer, authorizes a $5,000 donation to the Athens Area Diaper Bank (a qualified charitable organization). The donation is made on April 12, 2024. The authorization of the donation was made by the board of directors in 2023. What amount can be deducted in 2023?
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 5
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Charitable contribution deduction limitation:
Limited to the lesser of:
1) the amount of charitable contributions (including carryforwards)
OR
2) 10% of modified taxable income for qualified charitable contributions
What adjustments are made to arrive at the corporation’s modified taxable income?
What happens with charitable contributions in excess of 10% of modified taxable income?
EXAMPLE 5
Bulldog, Inc., a calendar year C corporation, had the following income and expenses in 2023:
Income from operations $500,000
Expenses from Operations 240,000
Dividends received (less than 20% ownership)
30,000
(produces a dividend received deduction of 50%)
Cash charitable contribution
90,000
What is Bulldog’s charitable contribution deduction for 2023 and what happens to the portion of the contribution that is not deductible in 2023?
Module 5: Corporate Operations
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Assume in 2024 Bulldog has a modified taxable income for charitable contribution purposes of $650,000
and a cash charitable contribution of $10,000. What is Bulldog’s charitable contribution deduction for
2024 and any carryforwards?
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 7
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Dividends Received Deduction
How are corporations taxed on dividends received? How can this lead to triple taxation?
Ownership Percentages
Deduction for Tax Years
Beginning After 12/31/2017
Corporations that own less than 20% of distributing corporation’s stock
Corporations that own 20% or more of
the distributing corporation’s stock but less than 80% of the stock
Corporations that own 80% or more of
the distributing corporation’s stock
Deduction limitation
What is the DRD modified taxable income?
What do we do with the DRD modified taxable income once determined?
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 8
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
EXAMPLE 6
In each of the following independent situations, determine the dividends received deduction. Assume that none of the corporate shareholders owns 20% or more of the stock in the corporation paying dividends. Assume all dividends were paid in 2023.
Red Corporation
Black Corporation
Silver Corporation
Income from operations
$700,000
$800,000
$700,000
Expenses from operations
(600,000)
(900,000)
(810,000)
Qualifying dividends
100,000
200,000
200,000
Module 5: Corporate Operations
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Sequencing the deductions
To follow the rules related to the various deductions (charitable contributions, dividends
‐
received, and net operating loss) would typically have to be calculated in the following sequence:
1. All regular business deductions other than charitable contributions, dividends received, and NOL
2. The charitable contributions deduction
3. The dividends received deduction
4. The NOL deduction
EXAMPLE 7
Beta Corporation reports the following results for 2023:
Gross income from operations
$180,000
Dividends from less-than-20% owned domestic corp
100,000
Operating expenses
150,000
Charitable contributions
32,000
Net capital gain (prior to carryover)
10,000
Beta has a $30,000 NOL carryover from 2022 and a $15,000 STCL carryover from 2022.
What is Beta’s taxable income for the current year? What carrybacks or carryovers are available to other tax years?
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 10
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Tax Liability & Compliance
How is the regular tax liability of a C corporation calculated?
Form 1120
Schedule L (Balance Sheet) The tax return balance sheet is a representation of the financial accounting books or the tax books? Reconciliation Schedules
o
Schedule M-1/M-3 (Reconciliation of Financial accounting income (per books) to taxable income)
o
Schedule M-2 (Analysis of Unappropriated Retained Earnings per Books)-
Consolidated Tax Returns
What is an affiliated group?
What are some advantages and disadvantages of filing a consolidated return?
How does an affiliated group file a consolidated return?
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 11
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations
Corporate Tax Return Due Date
What is the due date of the corporate tax return? What tax form is filed by a C-corporation? End reading at end of page 5-27
Module 5: Corporate Operations
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Exam Review
Compute HC Inc.’s current-year taxable income given the following information relating to its 2023 activities.
Gross profit from inventory sales of $310,000 (no book-tax differences)
Dividends HC received from 28 percent-owned corporation of $120,000
Expenses other than
DRD, charitable contribution (CC) and net operating loss (NOL), are $300,000 (no book-tax differences).
NOL carryover from prior year of $12,000.
Cash charitable contribution of $50,000.
Module 5: Corporate Operations
Page 13
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39
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