Module 5 Outline Corporate Operations

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Clemson University *

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7410

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Feb 20, 2024

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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Reading Assignments: Chapter 5 Suggested Problems: Chapter 5: 42, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 54 (a,c,e), 55 (a-e), 56, 62 (ignore M-1) Corporate Taxable Income Realized income (Excluded or deferred income) Gross income (Deductions) Taxable income Apply tax rates Regular tax + other taxes= Total tax (Credits and prepayments) Tax due or (refund) Accounting Periods and Methods Accounting Period o A new corporation can elect to use either a calendar year or a fiscal year as its accounting period. o Corporation’s tax year must be the same as the annual accounting period used for financial accounting purposes o Election is made by filing the first tax return for the selected period o Fiscal year is a 12-month period ending on the last day of any month other than December Accounting Methods What accounting methods can a corporation use? - Most c-corporations are required to be accrual - Cash basis okay if average annual gross receipts is 27 Mil or less o Or s-corps Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 1
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Book Income + unfavorable - favorable Taxable Income Computing Corporate Regular Taxable Income The starting point for computing taxable income is: Book Income Book-to-Tax Differences Effect on Taxable Income Unfavorable add Favorable subtract Permanent book-tax difference: Never reverse Examples Effect on Taxable Income Fines/penalties Not deductible Municipal bond interest Not taxable Political contributions Non deductible Meals 50% deductible Entertainment Not deductible Life Insurance (key persons) Prem paid not deductible Proceeds not taxable Federal income tax expense Not deductible Temporary book-tax difference: Reverses over time Examples Difference in Tax Treatment Depreciation; gain/loss on sale of assets Income / A/R / prepaid exp It depends Bad debt exp (direct write-off method) Deferred compensation (Deduct in year of accrual if paid within 2.5 months of year end) Purchased Goodwill: amortize over 180 months for tax purposes; book only expenses when impaired. Skip dividends discussion on page 8. We will cover this later in the chapter. Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 2 From taxable income perspective Interest exp
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Corporate-Specific Deductions and Associated Book-Tax Differences Skip stock options. Net Capital Losses How is the treatment of net capital gains and losses for corporations different from the treatment for individuals? Individuals: LT Cap gain: Taxed at preferential tax rate Net capital loss: deduct $3,000 against ordinary income - Carry forward remaining offset against c/g income & then deduct another $3000 each year Corp: - Only offset cap loss against cap gain - Net C/L: o 3 year carry back, 5 year carry forward - 3 rd preceding year, first - Offset against C/G only! - Can’t increase or create a NOL How are net capital losses treated? How are capital losses treated for book purposes? They are deducted EXAMPLE 1 In 2018, a corporation sells a capital asset, which it had held for two years, at a loss of $24,000. How much of the capital loss may be deducted in 2018, and how much is carried back or forward if also in 2018 the corporation had a long term capital gain of $15,000. 2015 (1) 2016 (2) 2017 (3) 2018 Taxable income $20,000 $2,000 $24,000 Net LT Capital Gain/(Loss) $5,000 $3,000 $0 Net Capital Loss Carryback Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 3
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Net Operating Losses Excess of deductions over gross income What adjustments are made to the “excess deductions over its gross income” amount to arrive at its NOL? Carryback Carryover Limitation in Year of Use NOL generated in a tax year beginning on or before December 31, 2017 NOL arising in a tax year beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 NOL arising in a tax year beginning after December 31, 2020 EXAMPLE 2 Oak Corporation generated a $45,000 NOL in 2022. In 2023 and 2024, Oak Corporation had $35,000 and $5,000 of taxable income prior to NOL deduction, respectively. What will happen with the NOL from a tax perspective? Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 4
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Charitable Contributions Property Contributed Amount of Contribution Cash Capital gain property Ordinary income property EXAMPLE 3 On December 23, 2023, Red Corporation donates a painting (purchased August 2, 2007 and held as a capital asset) to the Georgia Museum of Art. Red’s basis in the painting is $35,000 and the fair market value on date of contribution is $100,000. What is Red’s charitable contribution amount? How is timing of the charitable contribution deduction determined for cash method corporations? How is timing determined for accrual method corporations? EXAMPLE 4 On December 31, 2023, McRae Corporation, a calendar year, accrual basis taxpayer, authorizes a $5,000 donation to the Athens Area Diaper Bank (a qualified charitable organization). The donation is made on April 12, 2024. The authorization of the donation was made by the board of directors in 2023. What amount can be deducted in 2023? Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 5
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Charitable contribution deduction limitation: Limited to the lesser of: 1) the amount of charitable contributions (including carryforwards) OR 2) 10% of modified taxable income for qualified charitable contributions What adjustments are made to arrive at the corporation’s modified taxable income? What happens with charitable contributions in excess of 10% of modified taxable income? EXAMPLE 5 Bulldog, Inc., a calendar year C corporation, had the following income and expenses in 2023: Income from operations $500,000 Expenses from Operations 240,000 Dividends received (less than 20% ownership) 30,000 (produces a dividend received deduction of 50%) Cash charitable contribution 90,000 What is Bulldog’s charitable contribution deduction for 2023 and what happens to the portion of the contribution that is not deductible in 2023? Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 6
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Assume in 2024 Bulldog has a modified taxable income for charitable contribution purposes of $650,000 and a cash charitable contribution of $10,000. What is Bulldog’s charitable contribution deduction for 2024 and any carryforwards? Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 7
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Dividends Received Deduction How are corporations taxed on dividends received? How can this lead to triple taxation? Ownership Percentages Deduction for Tax Years Beginning After 12/31/2017 Corporations that own less than 20% of distributing corporation’s stock Corporations that own 20% or more of the distributing corporation’s stock but less than 80% of the stock Corporations that own 80% or more of the distributing corporation’s stock Deduction limitation What is the DRD modified taxable income? What do we do with the DRD modified taxable income once determined? Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 8
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations EXAMPLE 6 In each of the following independent situations, determine the dividends received deduction. Assume that none of the corporate shareholders owns 20% or more of the stock in the corporation paying dividends. Assume all dividends were paid in 2023. Red Corporation Black Corporation Silver Corporation Income from operations $700,000 $800,000 $700,000 Expenses from operations (600,000) (900,000) (810,000) Qualifying dividends 100,000 200,000 200,000 Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 9
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Sequencing the deductions To follow the rules related to the various deductions (charitable contributions, dividends received, and net operating loss) would typically have to be calculated in the following sequence: 1. All regular business deductions other than charitable contributions, dividends received, and NOL 2. The charitable contributions deduction 3. The dividends received deduction 4. The NOL deduction EXAMPLE 7 Beta Corporation reports the following results for 2023: Gross income from operations $180,000 Dividends from less-than-20% owned domestic corp 100,000 Operating expenses 150,000 Charitable contributions 32,000 Net capital gain (prior to carryover) 10,000 Beta has a $30,000 NOL carryover from 2022 and a $15,000 STCL carryover from 2022. What is Beta’s taxable income for the current year? What carrybacks or carryovers are available to other tax years? Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 10
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Tax Liability & Compliance How is the regular tax liability of a C corporation calculated? Form 1120 Schedule L (Balance Sheet) The tax return balance sheet is a representation of the financial accounting books or the tax books? Reconciliation Schedules o Schedule M-1/M-3 (Reconciliation of Financial accounting income (per books) to taxable income) o Schedule M-2 (Analysis of Unappropriated Retained Earnings per Books)- Consolidated Tax Returns What is an affiliated group? What are some advantages and disadvantages of filing a consolidated return? How does an affiliated group file a consolidated return? Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 11
ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Corporate Tax Return Due Date What is the due date of the corporate tax return? What tax form is filed by a C-corporation? End reading at end of page 5-27 Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 12
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ACCT 7410 Fall 2023 Module Outline Module 5 Corporate Operations Exam Review Compute HC Inc.’s current-year taxable income given the following information relating to its 2023 activities. Gross profit from inventory sales of $310,000 (no book-tax differences) Dividends HC received from 28 percent-owned corporation of $120,000 Expenses other than DRD, charitable contribution (CC) and net operating loss (NOL), are $300,000 (no book-tax differences). NOL carryover from prior year of $12,000. Cash charitable contribution of $50,000. Module 5: Corporate Operations Page 13