Table of Contents Chapter 0 Introduction 1 0.1 The Role of Algorithms 2 0.2 The History of Computing 4 0.3 The Science of Algorithms 10 0.4 Abstraction 11 0.5 An Outline of Our Study 12 0.6 Social Repercussions 13 Chapter 1 Data Storage 19 1.1 Bits and Their Storage 20 1.2 Main Memory 26 1.3 Mass Storage 29 1.4 Representing Information as Bit Patterns 35 *1.5 The Binary System 42 *1.6 Storing Integers 47 *1.7 Storing Fractions 53 *1.8 Data Compression 58 *1.9 Communication Errors 63 Chapter 2 Data Manipulation 73 2.1 Computer Architecture 74 2.2 Machine Language 77 2.3 Program Execution 83 *2.4 Arithmetic/Logic Instructions 90 *2.5 Communicating with Other Devices 94 *2.6 Other Architectures 100 Chapter 3 Operating Systems 109 3.1 The History of Operating Systems 110 3.2 Operating System Architecture 114 3.3 Coordinating the Machine’s Activities 122 *3.4 Handling Competition Among Processes 125 3.5 Security 130 Chapter 4 Networking and the Internet 139 4.1 Network Fundamentals 140 4.2 The Internet 149 4.3 The World Wide Web 158 *4.4 Internet Protocols 167 4.5 Security 173 Chapter 5 Algorithms 187 5.1 The Concept of an Algorithm 188 5.2 Algorithm Representation 191 5.3 Algorithm Discovery 198 5.4 Iterative Structures 204 5.5 Recursive Structures 214 5.6 Efficiency and Correctness 222 Chapter 6 Programming Languages 239 6.1 Historical Perspective 240 6.2 Traditional Programming Concepts 248 6.3 Procedural Units 260 6.4 Language Implementation 268 6.5 Object-Oriented Programming 276 *6.6 Programming Concurrent Activities 283 *6.7 Declarative Programming 286 Chapter 7 Software Engineering 299 7.1 The Software Engineering Discipline 300 7.2 The Software Life Cycle 302 7.3 Software Engineering Methodologies 306 7.4 Modularity 308 7.5 Tools of the Trade 316 7.6 Quality Assurance 324 7.7 Documentation 328 7.8 The Human-Machine Interface 329 7.9 Software Ownership and Liability 332 Chapter 8 Data Abstractions 341 8.1 Basic Data Structures 342 8.2 Related Concepts 345 8.3 Implementing Data Structures 348 8.4 A Short Case Study 362 8.5 Customized Data Types 367 *8.6 Classes and Objects 371 *8.7 Pointers in Machine Language 372 Chapter 9 Database Systems 383 9.1 Database Fundamentals 384 9.2 The Relational Model 389 *9.3 Object-Oriented Databases 400 *9.4 Maintaining Database Integrity 402 *9.5 Traditional File Structures 406 9.6 Data Mining 414 9.7 Social Impact of Database Technology 416 Chapter 10 Computer Graphics 425 10.1 The Scope of Computer Graphics 426 10.2 Overview of 3D Graphics 428 10.3 Modeling 430 10.4 Rendering 439 *10.5 Dealing with Global Lighting 449 10.6 Animation 452 Chapter 11 Artificial Intelligence 461 11.1 Intelligence and Machines 462 11.2 Perception 467 11.3 Reasoning 473 11.4 Additional Areas of Research 484 11.5 Artificial Neural Networks 489 11.6 Robotics 497 11.7 Considering the Consequences 500 Chapter 12 Theory of Computation 509 12.1 Functions and Their Computation 510 12.2 Turing Machines 512 12.3 Universal Programming Languages 516 12.4 A Noncomputable Function 522 12.5 Complexity of Problems 527 *12.6 Public-Key Cryptography 536 Appendixes 545 A ASCII 547 B Circuits to Manipulate Two’s Complement Representations 548 C A Simple Machine Language 551 D High-Level Programming Languages 553 E The Equivalence of Iterative and Recursive Structures 555 F Answers to Questions & Exercises 557 Index 597 *Asterisks indicate suggestions for optional sections.