Chapter PIII, Problem 31RE

(a)

To determine

To Explain: This shows that smoking may provide some defence against Alzheimer's disease.

Explanation of Solution

This does not demonstrate that smoking can provide any defence against Alzheimer's because these studies do not link smoking and Alzheimer's with the provided variables, but other variables.

(b)

To determine

To explain: to give this association an alternate description.

Explanation of Solution

Alzheimer's is commonly seen later in life. Smoking is recognised as a health threat and imagine the smokers will be seen before the Azheimer's.

(c)

To determine

To explain: that the investigation will be carried out by a study.

Explanation of Solution

There are conducting a study to examine that smoking is already proving detrimental to health, so it is unethical to force this procedure on individuals for experimental purposes. Observational research is also used and prospective study is pursued to observe potential effects that reflect groups of smokers and non-smokers for several years and track the occurrence of Alzheimer's diseases. There is also observational study.