What is CODIS? Describe the four most important feature of gentic markers used in the system.

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter E, Problem 1P

What is CODIS? Describe the four most important feature of gentic markers used in the system.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Describe CODIS and the four most important characteristics of genetic markers used in this system.

Introduction:

In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation created national DNA database known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). This database is preserved by Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has three levels of information – Local DNA Index System (LDIS), State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) and National DNA Index System (NDIS)

Explanation of Solution

CODIS – The United States national DNA database is Combined DNA Index System. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) formed it and preserved it. Depending on the type of information being searched against, the CODIS software contains multiple different databases. These databases include forensic samples collected from crime scenes, missing persons, etc.

The genetic markers used in forensic genetic analysis are short tandem repeats (STRs) which contain different numbers of copies of short, repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are less than ten base pairs long and follow a co-dominant pattern of inheritance.

There are four important features of genetic markers – STRs used in CODIS. These include –

A CODIS STR must have a known location of chromosome and the location should ensure that the STR follows independent assortment from all other CODIS markers. This is important for calculation of individual identity.
A CODIS STR must have multiple alleles in all examined populations. The allele should not a frequency more than twenty to twenty five percent in a population. This increases the effectiveness of individual genetic identification.
A CODIS STR must carry alleles that can be amplified by PCR consistently, reliably, and accurately. These alleles should be such that they can be analyzed in highly automated laboratory settings in specially equipped laboratories. This is required to minimize the risk of contamination of DNA samples and to ensure the reproducibility of the results.
The last criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. This is required for reliable identification of each allele.

Conclusion

CODIS is an important software, containing different types of databases which are used for the forensic investigation.

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Students have asked these similar questions

A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter E, Problem 1P

What is CODIS? Describe the four most important feature of gentic markers used in the system.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Describe CODIS and the four most important characteristics of genetic markers used in this system.

Introduction:

In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation created national DNA database known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). This database is preserved by Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has three levels of information – Local DNA Index System (LDIS), State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) and National DNA Index System (NDIS)

Explanation of Solution

CODIS – The United States national DNA database is Combined DNA Index System. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) formed it and preserved it. Depending on the type of information being searched against, the CODIS software contains multiple different databases. These databases include forensic samples collected from crime scenes, missing persons, etc.

The genetic markers used in forensic genetic analysis are short tandem repeats (STRs) which contain different numbers of copies of short, repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are less than ten base pairs long and follow a co-dominant pattern of inheritance.

There are four important features of genetic markers – STRs used in CODIS. These include –

A CODIS STR must have a known location of chromosome and the location should ensure that the STR follows independent assortment from all other CODIS markers. This is important for calculation of individual identity.
A CODIS STR must have multiple alleles in all examined populations. The allele should not a frequency more than twenty to twenty five percent in a population. This increases the effectiveness of individual genetic identification.
A CODIS STR must carry alleles that can be amplified by PCR consistently, reliably, and accurately. These alleles should be such that they can be analyzed in highly automated laboratory settings in specially equipped laboratories. This is required to minimize the risk of contamination of DNA samples and to ensure the reproducibility of the results.
The last criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. This is required for reliable identification of each allele.

Conclusion

CODIS is an important software, containing different types of databases which are used for the forensic investigation.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter E, Problem 1P

What is CODIS? Describe the four most important feature of gentic markers used in the system.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Describe CODIS and the four most important characteristics of genetic markers used in this system.

Introduction:

In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation created national DNA database known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). This database is preserved by Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has three levels of information – Local DNA Index System (LDIS), State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) and National DNA Index System (NDIS)

Explanation of Solution

CODIS – The United States national DNA database is Combined DNA Index System. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) formed it and preserved it. Depending on the type of information being searched against, the CODIS software contains multiple different databases. These databases include forensic samples collected from crime scenes, missing persons, etc.

The genetic markers used in forensic genetic analysis are short tandem repeats (STRs) which contain different numbers of copies of short, repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are less than ten base pairs long and follow a co-dominant pattern of inheritance.

There are four important features of genetic markers – STRs used in CODIS. These include –

A CODIS STR must have a known location of chromosome and the location should ensure that the STR follows independent assortment from all other CODIS markers. This is important for calculation of individual identity.
A CODIS STR must have multiple alleles in all examined populations. The allele should not a frequency more than twenty to twenty five percent in a population. This increases the effectiveness of individual genetic identification.
A CODIS STR must carry alleles that can be amplified by PCR consistently, reliably, and accurately. These alleles should be such that they can be analyzed in highly automated laboratory settings in specially equipped laboratories. This is required to minimize the risk of contamination of DNA samples and to ensure the reproducibility of the results.
The last criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. This is required for reliable identification of each allele.

Conclusion

CODIS is an important software, containing different types of databases which are used for the forensic investigation.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter E, Problem 1P

What is CODIS? Describe the four most important feature of gentic markers used in the system.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Describe CODIS and the four most important characteristics of genetic markers used in this system.

Introduction:

In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation created national DNA database known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). This database is preserved by Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has three levels of information – Local DNA Index System (LDIS), State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) and National DNA Index System (NDIS)

Explanation of Solution

CODIS – The United States national DNA database is Combined DNA Index System. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) formed it and preserved it. Depending on the type of information being searched against, the CODIS software contains multiple different databases. These databases include forensic samples collected from crime scenes, missing persons, etc.

The genetic markers used in forensic genetic analysis are short tandem repeats (STRs) which contain different numbers of copies of short, repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are less than ten base pairs long and follow a co-dominant pattern of inheritance.

There are four important features of genetic markers – STRs used in CODIS. These include –

A CODIS STR must have a known location of chromosome and the location should ensure that the STR follows independent assortment from all other CODIS markers. This is important for calculation of individual identity.
A CODIS STR must have multiple alleles in all examined populations. The allele should not a frequency more than twenty to twenty five percent in a population. This increases the effectiveness of individual genetic identification.
A CODIS STR must carry alleles that can be amplified by PCR consistently, reliably, and accurately. These alleles should be such that they can be analyzed in highly automated laboratory settings in specially equipped laboratories. This is required to minimize the risk of contamination of DNA samples and to ensure the reproducibility of the results.
The last criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. This is required for reliable identification of each allele.

Conclusion

CODIS is an important software, containing different types of databases which are used for the forensic investigation.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Describe CODIS and the four most important characteristics of genetic markers used in this system.

Introduction:

In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation created national DNA database known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). This database is preserved by Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has three levels of information – Local DNA Index System (LDIS), State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) and National DNA Index System (NDIS)

Explanation of Solution

CODIS – The United States national DNA database is Combined DNA Index System. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) formed it and preserved it. Depending on the type of information being searched against, the CODIS software contains multiple different databases. These databases include forensic samples collected from crime scenes, missing persons, etc.

The genetic markers used in forensic genetic analysis are short tandem repeats (STRs) which contain different numbers of copies of short, repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are less than ten base pairs long and follow a co-dominant pattern of inheritance.

There are four important features of genetic markers – STRs used in CODIS. These include –

A CODIS STR must have a known location of chromosome and the location should ensure that the STR follows independent assortment from all other CODIS markers. This is important for calculation of individual identity.
A CODIS STR must have multiple alleles in all examined populations. The allele should not a frequency more than twenty to twenty five percent in a population. This increases the effectiveness of individual genetic identification.
A CODIS STR must carry alleles that can be amplified by PCR consistently, reliably, and accurately. These alleles should be such that they can be analyzed in highly automated laboratory settings in specially equipped laboratories. This is required to minimize the risk of contamination of DNA samples and to ensure the reproducibility of the results.
The last criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. This is required for reliable identification of each allele.

Conclusion

CODIS is an important software, containing different types of databases which are used for the forensic investigation.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Describe CODIS and the four most important characteristics of genetic markers used in this system.

Introduction:

In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation created national DNA database known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). This database is preserved by Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has three levels of information – Local DNA Index System (LDIS), State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) and National DNA Index System (NDIS)

Explanation of Solution

CODIS – The United States national DNA database is Combined DNA Index System. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) formed it and preserved it. Depending on the type of information being searched against, the CODIS software contains multiple different databases. These databases include forensic samples collected from crime scenes, missing persons, etc.

The genetic markers used in forensic genetic analysis are short tandem repeats (STRs) which contain different numbers of copies of short, repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are less than ten base pairs long and follow a co-dominant pattern of inheritance.

There are four important features of genetic markers – STRs used in CODIS. These include –

A CODIS STR must have a known location of chromosome and the location should ensure that the STR follows independent assortment from all other CODIS markers. This is important for calculation of individual identity.
A CODIS STR must have multiple alleles in all examined populations. The allele should not a frequency more than twenty to twenty five percent in a population. This increases the effectiveness of individual genetic identification.
A CODIS STR must carry alleles that can be amplified by PCR consistently, reliably, and accurately. These alleles should be such that they can be analyzed in highly automated laboratory settings in specially equipped laboratories. This is required to minimize the risk of contamination of DNA samples and to ensure the reproducibility of the results.
The last criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. This is required for reliable identification of each allele.

Conclusion

CODIS is an important software, containing different types of databases which are used for the forensic investigation.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Describe CODIS and the four most important characteristics of genetic markers used in this system.

Introduction:

In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation created national DNA database known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). This database is preserved by Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has three levels of information – Local DNA Index System (LDIS), State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) and National DNA Index System (NDIS)

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

CODIS – The United States national DNA database is Combined DNA Index System. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) formed it and preserved it. Depending on the type of information being searched against, the CODIS software contains multiple different databases. These databases include forensic samples collected from crime scenes, missing persons, etc.

The genetic markers used in forensic genetic analysis are short tandem repeats (STRs) which contain different numbers of copies of short, repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are less than ten base pairs long and follow a co-dominant pattern of inheritance.

There are four important features of genetic markers – STRs used in CODIS. These include –

A CODIS STR must have a known location of chromosome and the location should ensure that the STR follows independent assortment from all other CODIS markers. This is important for calculation of individual identity.
A CODIS STR must have multiple alleles in all examined populations. The allele should not a frequency more than twenty to twenty five percent in a population. This increases the effectiveness of individual genetic identification.
A CODIS STR must carry alleles that can be amplified by PCR consistently, reliably, and accurately. These alleles should be such that they can be analyzed in highly automated laboratory settings in specially equipped laboratories. This is required to minimize the risk of contamination of DNA samples and to ensure the reproducibility of the results.
The last criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. This is required for reliable identification of each allele.

Answer 13

Conclusion

CODIS is an important software, containing different types of databases which are used for the forensic investigation.

Answer 14

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What is CODIS? Describe the four most important feature of gentic markers used in the system.

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