Chapter 9, Problem 9.5QP

Write Lewis dot symbols for the following atoms and ions: (a) I, (b) I⁻, (c) S, (d) S²⁻, (e) P, (f) P³⁻, (g) Na, (h) Na⁺, (i) Mg, (j) Mg²⁺, (k) Al, (l) Al³⁺, (m) Pb, (n) Pb²⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $I$ atom has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $I$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^5.$  It shows there are seven valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $I$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $I^{-}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $I$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^5.$  It shows there are seven valence electrons.  When neutral I atom gains one electron $I^{-}$ is formed.  $I^{-}$ has electron configuration $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^6.$ Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $I^{-}$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $S$ atom has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $S$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^4.$  It shows there are six valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $S$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $S^{2-}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $S$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^4.$  When S atom in neutral atomic state gains two electrons it forms $S^{2-}$ ion.  Thus its electronic configuration becomes $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^6.$ It shows there are eight valence electron.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $S^{2-}$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $P$ atom has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $P$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^3.$  It shows there are five valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $P$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $P^{3-}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $P$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^3.$  It shows there are five valence electrons.  When P atom in neutral state accepts three electrons $P^{3-}$ is formed.  Electronic configuration of $P^{3-}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^6.$  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $P^{3-}$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $Na$ atom has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Na$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^1.$  There is only one valence electron.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $Na$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $N{a}^{+}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Na$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^1.$ $N{a}^{+}$ ion is formed by removal of one electron from valence shell. Thus the resulting ion has electronic configuration $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^6$ and there are eight electrons in valence shell.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $N{a}^{+}$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $Mg$ atom has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Mg$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^2.$ There are two valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $Mg$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $M{g}^{2+}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Mg$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^2.$  There are two valence electrons.  When the two valence electrons are lost $M{g}^{2+}$ is formed.  Electronic configuration of $M{g}^{2+}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^6.$  Thus $M{g}^{2+}$ has eight valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $M{g}^{2+}$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $Al$ atom has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Al$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^1.$  It shows there are three valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $Al$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $A{l}^{3+}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Al$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^1.$  It shows there are three valence electrons.  When three valence electrons of Al are lost $A{l}^{3+}$ is formed and its electron configuration $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^6.$  The valence shell of $A{l}^{3+}$ has eight electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $A{l}^{3+}$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $Pb$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Pb$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}4f^{14}5s^{2}5p^{6}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^2.$  It shows there are four valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $Pb$ is drawn as,

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis dot symbol for $P{b}^{2+}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot symbol represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Explanation of Solution

Electronic configuration of $Pb$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}4f^{14}5s^{2}5p^{6}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^2.$  It shows there are four valence electrons in valence shell.  When two valence electrons of $Pb$ are lost $P{b}^{2+}$ is formed and it has two valence electrons.  Accordingly Lewis dot symbol for $P{b}^{2+}$ is drawn as,