Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in
atomic number and increase by four in mass number. - Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
Of the radioisotopes listed in Table-9.5, the majority decay by gamma radiation.Thus, the statement is false.
Explanation of Solution
Table-9.5 contains the lists of some radioactive isotopes which are used in medical imaging. As per the data provided in table, there are maximum numbers of radioactive isotopes that emits gamma radiation.
(b)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
Isotopes that decay by alpha emission are rarely if ever used in nuclear imaging because alpha emitters are rare.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
Table-9.5 with the list of radioactive isotopes used in medical imaging contains no radioactive isotope that emits alpha particles. There are very rare isotopes useful in medical like radium-223 for treatment of cancer.
(c)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
Gamma emitters are so widely used in medical imaging because gamma radiation is penetrating and, therefore, can easily be measured by radiation detectors outside the body.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
Gamma emitter are widely used because of gamma particles had no mass and charge and they can easily penetrate in body.
(d)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
When selenium-75 deays by electron capture and gamma emission, the new nucleus formed is arsenic-75 ).Thus, the statement is false.
Explanation of Solution
When selenium-75 decays by electron capture, a new nuclues formed should contain
(e)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
When iodine-131 decays by beta and gamma emission, the new nucleus formed is xenon-131 ( ).Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
During the decay of iodine-131 by beta and gamma emission, the new nucleus formed contains one number more in atomic mass. This new nucleus is Xenon-131
(f)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
In positron emission tomography (a PET scan), the detectors counts the numbers of gamma particle emitted by a tagged material and the location within the body where the tagged materail accumulates. Thus, the statement is false.
Explanation of Solution
The radiation contains particles with energy which are emitted by radioactive isotopes. This energy is useful to trace the particle within the body during its medical use. The Positron Tomography Scan contains Positrons which has very short live and they collide with electron and forms gamma rays. PET scanner capture the energy of the particles and it does not count the numbers of positrons.
(g)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
The use of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in PET scans of the brain depends on the fact that FDG behaves in the body as does glucose.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
The use of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose is as glucose in the body because the six carbons of glucose are replaced by fluorine-18 and it can easily cross the Blood-brain barrier.
(h)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
A goal of raditaion therapy is to destroy pathological cells and tissues without at the same time damaging normal cells and tissues.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
The radiation therapy has a goal to just destroy pathological cells and tissues but inevitably it also damages healthy and normal cells and tissue that surrounds damaged tissues.
(i)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
In external beam radition, radiation from an external source is directed at a tissue from outside the body.Thus, the statement is false.
Explanation of Solution
In external beam radiation, a high energy beam is used to target the tumor cells from outside the body. It destroys the cells which are available inside the body and not the surface of body.
(j)
Interpretation:
If the given statement is true or false should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. Radioactive isotopes emit alpha, beta, positron, gamma particles due to nuclear reactions.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
These emitted particles are useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases as a nuclear medicine. They act as invaluable tool in fieled of science. These nuclear chemistry is utilized in medicla imaging like PET (Positron emission tomography), X-rays, MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging), CT scan etc.

Answer to Problem 44P
In internal beam radiation, a radioactive material is implnated in a target tissue to destroy cells in the target tissue without doing appreciable damage to surrounding normla tissues.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
In internal beam radiation therapy, a radioactive material is implanted into body which is located very near to the tumor cells or tissues. This type of radiation does not make more damage to the surrounding tissues or cells.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 9 Solutions
EP INTRO.TO GENERAL,ORGANIC...-OWL ACCE
- In an electrolytic cell, indicate the formula that relates E0 to the temperature T.arrow_forward-- 14:33 A Candidate Identification docs.google.com 11. Compound A can transform into compound B through an organic reaction. From the structures below, mark the correct one: HO A تھے۔ די HO B ○ A) Compounds A and B are isomers. B) Both have the same number of chiral carbons. C) Compound A underwent an addition reaction of Cl2 and H2O to form compound B. D) Compound A underwent a substitution reaction forming the intermediate chlorohydrin to obtain compound B. E) Compound A underwent an addition reaction of Cl2 forming the chloronium ion and then added methanol to obtain compound B. 60arrow_forward-- 14:40 A Candidate Identification docs.google.com 13. The compound 1-bromo-hex-2-ene reacts with methanol to form two products. About this reaction, mark the correct statement: OCH3 CH3OH Br OCH3 + + HBr A B A) The two products formed will have the same percentage of formation. B) Product B will be formed by SN1 substitution reaction with the formation of an allylic carbocation. C) Product A will be formed by SN1 substitution reaction with the formation of a more stable carbocation than product B. D) Product A will be formed by an SN2 substitution reaction occurring in two stages, the first with slow kinetics and the second with fast kinetics. E) The two compounds were obtained by addition reaction, with compound B having the highest percentage of formation. 57arrow_forward
- -- ☑ 14:30 A Candidate Identification docs.google.com 10. Amoxicillin (figure X) is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the penicillin family. The discovery and synthesis of these antibiotics in the 20th century made the treatment of infections that were previously fatal routine. About amoxicillin, mark the correct one: HO NH2 H S -N. HO Figura X. Amoxicilina A) It has the organic functions amide, ester, phenol and amine. B) It has four chiral carbons and 8 stereoisomers. C) The substitution of the aromatic ring is of the ortho-meta type. D) If amoxicillin reacts with an alcohol it can form an ester. E) The structure has two tertiary amides. 62arrow_forwardThe environmental police of a Brazilian state received a report of contamination of a river by inorganic arsenic, due to the excessive use of pesticides on a plantation on the riverbanks. Arsenic (As) is extremely toxic in its many forms and oxidation states. In nature, especially in groundwater, it is found in the form of arsenate (AsO ₄ ³ ⁻ ), which can be electrochemically reduced to As ⁰ and collected at the cathode of a coulometric cell. In this case, Potentiostatic Coulometry (at 25°C) was performed in an alkaline medium (pH = 7.5 throughout the analysis) to quantify the species. What potential (E) should have been selected/applied to perform the analysis, considering that this is an exhaustive electrolysis technique (until 99.99% of all AsO ₄ ³ ⁻ has been reduced to As ⁰ at the electrode, or n( final) = 0.01% n( initial )) and that the concentration of AsO ₄ ³ ⁻ found in the initial sample was 0.15 mmol/L ? Data: AsO ₄ 3 ⁻ (aq) + 2 H ₂ O ( l ) + 2 e ⁻ → A s O ₂ ⁻ ( a…arrow_forward-- 14:17 15. Water-soluble proteins are denatured when there is a change in the pH of the environment in which they are found. This occurs due to the protonation and deprotonation of functional groups present in their structure. Choose the option that indicates the chemical bonds modified by pH in the protein represented in the following figure. E CH2 C-OH CH2 H₂C H₁C CH CH3 CH3 CH CH₂-S-S-CH₂- 910 H B -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH₂-NH3* −0—C—CH₂- ○ A) A, C e D. • В) Вес ○ C) DeE ○ D) B, De E ○ E) A, B e C 68arrow_forward
- Suppose sodium sulfate has been gradually added to 100 mL of a solution containing calcium ions and strontium ions, both at 0.15 mol/L. Indicate the alternative that presents the percentage of strontium ions that will have precipitated when the calcium sulfate begins to precipitate. Data: Kps of calcium sulfate: 2.4x10 ⁻ ⁵; Kps of strontium sulfate: 3.2x10 ⁻ ⁷ A) 20,2 % B) 36,6 % C) 62,9 % D) 87,5 % E) 98.7%arrow_forward14:43 A Candidate Identification docs.google.com 14. The following diagrams represent hypothetical membrane structures with their components numbered from 1 to 6. Based on the figures and your knowledge of biological membranes, select the correct alternative. | 3 5 || 人 2 500000 6 A) Structures 1, 3, 5, 2 and 4 are present in a constantly fluid arrangement that allows the selectivity of the movement ○ of molecules. Structure 4, present integrally or peripherally, is responsible for this selection, while the quantity of 6 regulates the fluidity. B) The membranes isolate the cell from the environment, but allow the passage of water-soluble molecules thanks to the presence of 2 and 3. The membrane in scheme is more fluid than that in 55arrow_forward12. Mark the correct statement about reactions a and b : a. Br + -OH Br b. + Br H₂O + Br -OH + H₂O A) The reactions are elimination reactions, with reaction "a" being of type E2 and reaction "b" being of type E1. B) Reaction "a" is an E2 type elimination occurring in one step and reaction "b" is an SN1 type substitution. C) Both reactions can result in the formation of carbocation, but in reaction "b" the most stable carbocation will be formed. D) Both reactions occur at the same rate ○ and have the same number of reaction steps. E) Reaction "b" is an E2 type elimination occurring in two steps and reaction "a" is an SN2 type substitution.arrow_forward
- Chloroform, long used as an anesthetic and now considered carcinogenic, has a heat of vaporization of 31.4 kJ/mol. During vaporization, its entropy increases by 94.2 J/mol.K. Therefore, select the alternative that indicates the temperature, in degrees Celsius, at which chloroform begins to boil under a pressure of 1 atm. A) 28 B) 40 C) 52 D) 60 E) 72arrow_forwardIf we assume a system with an anodic overpotential, the variation of n as a function of current density: 1. at low fields is linear 2. at higher fields, it follows Tafel's law Obtain the range of current densities for which the overpotential has the same value when calculated for 1 and 2 cases (maximum relative difference of 5% compared to the behavior for higher fields). To which overpotential range does this correspond? Data: i = 1.5 mA cm², T = 300°C, B = 0.64, R = 8.314 J K1 mol-1 and F = 96485 C mol-1.arrow_forwardAnswer by equation pleasearrow_forward
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning





