Operating System (OS): OS is the term that acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. It is the first program loaded into the computer memory whenever the computer starts up. It is responsible for the management to co-ordinate the activities on a computer system. OS does basic operations such as getting input from the keyboard, displaying output in the monitor and monitoring the files. OS controls the peripheral devices like printers, hard drives and mouse. The responsibilities of OS are bound to get higher when it comes to security, because it provides the access rights for users.

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2. Signed Integers Unsigned binary numbers work for natural numbers, but many calculations use negative numbers as well. To deal with this, a number of different methods have been used to represent signed numbers, but we will focus on two's complement, as it is the standard solution for representing signed integers. 2.1 Two's complement • Most significant bit has a negative value, all others are positive. So, the value of an n-digit -2 two's complement number can be written as: Σ2 2¹ di 2n-1 dn • Otherwise exactly the same as unsigned integers. i=0 - • A neat trick for flipping the sign of a two's complement number: flip all the bits (0 becomes 1, or 1 becomes 0) and then add 1 to the least significant bit. • Addition is exactly the same as with an unsigned number. 2.2 Exercises For questions 1-3, answer each one for the case of a two's complement number and an unsigned number, indicating if it cannot be answered with a specific representation. 1. (15 pts) What is the largest integer…

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Chapter 9, Problem 26SG

Program Plan Intro

Operating System (OS):

OS is the term that acts as an interface between the hardware and the user.

It is the first program loaded into the computer memory whenever the computer starts up.

It is responsible for the management to co-ordinate the activities on a computer system.

OS does basic operations such as getting input from the keyboard, displaying output in the monitor and monitoring the files.

OS controls the peripheral devices like printers, hard drives and mouse.

The responsibilities of OS are bound to get higher when it comes to security, because it provides the access rights for users.

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2. Signed Integers Unsigned binary numbers work for natural numbers, but many calculations use negative numbers as well. To deal with this, a number of different methods have been used to represent signed numbers, but we will focus on two's complement, as it is the standard solution for representing signed integers. 2.1 Two's complement • Most significant bit has a negative value, all others are positive. So, the value of an n-digit -2 two's complement number can be written as: Σ2 2¹ di 2n-1 dn • Otherwise exactly the same as unsigned integers. i=0 - • A neat trick for flipping the sign of a two's complement number: flip all the bits (0 becomes 1, or 1 becomes 0) and then add 1 to the least significant bit. • Addition is exactly the same as with an unsigned number. 2.2 Exercises For questions 1-3, answer each one for the case of a two's complement number and an unsigned number, indicating if it cannot be answered with a specific representation. 1. (15 pts) What is the largest integer…

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1. Unsigned Integers If we have an n-digit unsigned numeral dn-1d n-2...do in radix (or base) r, then the value of that numeral is n−1 r² di Σi=0 which is basically saying that instead of a 10's or 100's place we have an r's or r²'s place. For binary, decimal, and hex r equals 2, 10, and 16, respectively. Just a reminder that in order to write down a large number, we typically use the IEC or SI prefixing system: IEC: Ki = 210, Mi = 220, Gi = 230, Ti = 240, Pi = 250, Ei = 260, Zi = 270, Yi = 280; SI: K=103, M = 106, G = 109, T = 10¹², P = 1015, E = 10¹8, Z = 1021, Y = 1024. 1.1 Conversions a. (15 pts) Write the following using IEC prefixes: 213, 223, 251, 272, 226, 244 21323 Ki8 Ki 223 23 Mi 8 Mi b. (15 pts) Write the following using SI prefixes: 107, 10¹7, 10¹¹, 1022, 1026, 1015 107 10¹ M = 10 M = 1017102 P = 100 P c. (10 pts) Write the following with powers of 10: 7 K, 100 E, 21 G 7 K = 7*10³