Chapter 9, Problem 20BP

Requirement a.

To determine

Record the transactions of Year 1 in general journal.

Explanation of Solution

Sales tax payable: The Company collects the tax from the customer when the sale is made in cash or an account, and periodically deposits the collections to the state’s department of revenue. Many states are implementing sales taxes on purchases made on the internet. Sales taxes are computed as percentage of the sales price.

Prepare journal entries for Company B.

Event	Account title and Explanation	Post ref.	Amount $
			Debit	Credit
Year 1
1.	Cash		50,000
	Note payable			50,000
	( To record the cash received from the issue of short term note )
2.	Cash		148,400
	Service revenue			140,000
	Sales tax payable (1)			8,400
	( To record the cash receipts by rendering service)
3.	Operating expense		84,000
	Cash			84,000
	( To record the cash paid for operating expenses)
4.	Sales tax payable (2)		6,600
	Cash			6,600
	( To record the cash paid for sales tax payable)
5.	Interest expense (3)		1,875
	Interest payable			1,875
	( To recognize the accrued interest at the end of the year)

Table (1)

Event 1. To record the cash receipts from issue of notes:

• Cash is an asset and there is an increase in the value of an asset. Hence, debit the cash by $50,000.
• Notes payable is a liability and there is an increase in the value of liability. Hence, credit the notes payable by $50,000.

Event 2. To record the cash receipts by rendering service:

• Cash is an asset and there is an increase in the value of an asset. Hence, debit the cash by $148,400.
• Service revenue is a component of stockholder’s equity and there is an increase in the value of revenue. Hence, it is credited by $140,000.
• Sales tax payable is a liability and there is an increase in the value of liability. Hence, credit the sales tax payable by $8,400.

Event 3. To record the operating expense paid for cash:

• Operating expense (expense) is a component of stockholder’s equity and there is an increase in the value of expense. Hence, debit the operating expense by $84,000.
• Cash is an asset and there is a decrease in the value of an asset. Hence, credit the cash by $84,000.

Event 4. To record the payment of sales tax for cash:

• Sales tax payable is a liability and there is a decrease in the value of liability. Hence, debit the sales tax payable by $6,600.
• Cash is an asset and there is a decrease in the value of an asset. Hence, credit the cash by $6,600.

Event 5. To recognize the accrued interest:

• Interest expense is a component of stockholders equity and there is an increase in the value of expense. Hence, debit the fine by $1,875.
• Interest expense payable is a liability and there is an increase in the value of liability. Hence, credit the fine payable by $1,875.

Working Note:

Determine the sales tax payable on the service rendered.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Sales tax payable}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Value of }\\ \text{service provided }\end{array}\right)\times \text{Rate of tax}\\ \text{=\$140,000}\times 6\%\\ =\$8,400\end{array}$ (1)

Determine the sales tax due for the year.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Sales tax payable}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Value of }\\ \text{service provided }\end{array}\right)\times \text{Rate of tax}\\ \text{=\$110,000}\times 6\%\\ =\$6,600\end{array}$ (2)

Determine the interest on note payable.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Interest expense}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Value of }\\ \text{note payable }\end{array}\right)\times \left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Rate }\\ \text{of tax}\end{array}\right)\times \frac{\text{Number of months outstanding}}{\text{Months in a year}}\\ \text{=\$50,000}\times 5\%\times \frac{9}{12}\\ =\$1,875\end{array}$ (3)

Requirement b.

To determine

Post the transactions to T-accounts.

Explanation of Solution

Post the transactions to T-accounts.

Cash
1.	$50,000	3.	$84,000
2.	$148,400	4.	$6,600
Balance	$107,800

Sales tax Payable
4.	$6,600	2.	$8,400
		Balance	$1,800

Interest Payable
		5.	$1,875
		Balance	$1,875

Notes Payable
		1.	$50,000
		Balance	$50,000

Service Revenue
		2.	$140,000
		Balance	$140,000

Operating Expense
3.	$84,000
Balance	$84,000

Interest Expense
5.	$1,875
Balance	$1,875

Requirement c.

To determine

Prepare income statement, statement of changes in stockholders’ equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows for Company B for Year 1.

Explanation of Solution

Income statement: The financial statement which reports revenues and expenses from business operations and the result of those operations as net income or net loss for a particular time period is referred to as income statement.

Balance sheet: This financial statement reports a company’s resources (assets) and claims of creditors (liabilities) and stockholders (stockholders’ equity) over those resources. The resources of the company are assets which include money contributed by stockholders and creditors. Hence, the main elements of the balance sheet are assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity.

Statement of changes in the stockholders’ equity: This statement reflects whether the components of stockholders’ equity have increased or decreased during the period.

Statement of cash flows: Statement of cash flow is a financial statement that shows the cash and cash equivalents of a company for a particular period of time. It shows the net changes in cash, by reporting the sources and uses of cash as a result of operating, investing, and financing activities of a company.

Prepare the income statement for Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 1.

Company B
Statement of income
For the year ended December 31, Year 1
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Service Revenue		140,000
Expenses:
Operating Expenses	84,000
Total operating expense		(84,000)
Operating income		56,000
Interest expense		(1,875)
Net income		54,125

Table (2)

Hence, the net income of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 1 is $54,125.

Prepare the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 1.

Company B
Statement of changes in stockholders' equity
For the year ended December 31, Year 1
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Common Stock		0
Beginning retained earnings	0
Add/Less: Net Income (Loss)	54,125
Ending Retained Earnings		54,125
Total stockholder's equity		54,125

Table (3)

Hence, the total stockholders’ equity of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 1 is $67,750.

Prepare the balance sheet of Company B as on December 31, Year 1.

Company B
Balance sheet
As on December 31, Year 1
Assets	Amount $	Amount $
Cash		107,800
Total Assets		107,800
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Liabilities
Sales tax Payable	1,800
Interest Payable	1,875
Notes  Payable	50,000
Total Liabilities		53,675
Stockholders’ Equity
Retained Earnings	54,125
Total Stockholders’ Equity		54,125
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity		107,800

Table (4)

Hence, the total of assets and liabilities and stockholders’ equity of Company B as on December 31, Year 1 is $107,800.

Prepare the statement of cash flows of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 1.

Company B
Statement of cash flows
For the year ended December 31, Year 1
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Cash flow from operating activities:
Inflow from Customers	140,000
Inflow from Sales Tax	8,400
Outflow for Expenses	(84,000)
Outflow for Sales Tax	(6,600)
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities		57,800
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Net Cash Flow From Investing Activities		0
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Inflow from loan	50,000
Net Cash Flow From Financing Activities		50,000
Net Change in Cash		107,800
Add: Beginning Cash Balance		0
Ending Cash Balance		107,800

Table (5)

Requirement d.

To determine

Close the temporary accounts to retained earnings.

Explanation of Solution

Temporary accounts: Temporary accounts include all income statements accounts, and dividend account which are closed at the end of each year because they are used to determine the financial results only in the current year.

Prepare journal entries to record the closing of temporary accounts.

Date	Account title and Explanation	Post ref.	Amount $
			Debit	Credit
Year 1
December 31	Service Revenue		140,000
	Retained Earnings			140,000
	( To record the closing entries for revenue account)
December 31	Retained Earnings		85,875
	Operating Expense			84,000
	Interest Expense			1,875
	( To record the closing for expenses account)

Table (6)

Post the closing entries to the T-accounts.

Cash
Balance	$107,800

Sales tax Payable
		Balance	$1,800

Interest Payable
		Balance	$1,875

Notes Payable
		Balance	$50,000

Retained earnings
Closing balance	$85,875	Closing balance	$140,000
		Balance	$54,125

Service Revenue
Closing balance	$140,000	Balance	$140,000
		Balance	$0

Operating Expense
Balance	$84,000	Closing balance	$84,000
Balance	$0

Interest Expense
Balance	$1,875	Closing balance	$1,875
Balance	$0

Requirement e.

To determine

Prepare a post-closing trial balance for the year ended December 31, Year 1.

Explanation of Solution

Post-closing trial balance: The post-closing trial balance is a summary of all ledger accounts, and it shows the debit and the credit balances after the closing entries are journalized and posted.  The post-closing trial balance contains only permanent (balance sheet) accounts, and the debit and the credit balances of permanent accounts should agree.

Prepare the post-closing trial balance of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 1.

Company B
Post-closing trial balance
For the year ended December 31,Year 1
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Cash	107,800
Sales Tax Payable		1,800
Interest Payable		1,875
Notes Payable		50,000
Retained Earnings		54,125
Totals	$107,800	$107,800

Table (7)

Requirement f.

To determine

Repeat Requirements a through e for Year 2.

Explanation of Solution

Sales tax payable: The Company collects the tax from the customer when the sale is made in cash or an account, and periodically deposits the collections to the state’s department of revenue. Many states are implementing sales taxes on purchases made on the internet. Sales taxes are computed as percentage of the sales price.

Prepare journal entries for Company B for Year 2.

Event	Account title and Explanation	Post ref.	Amount $
			Debit	Credit
Year 2
1.	Sales tax payable		1,800
	Cash			1,800
	( To record the payment of  sales tax of the previous year )
2.	Cash		164,300
	Service revenue			155,000
	Sales tax payable (4)			9,300
	( To record the cash receipts by rendering service)
3a.	Interest expense (5)		625
	Interest payable			625
	( To recognize the accrued interest at the end of the year)
3b.	Interest payable		2,500
	Notes payable		50,000
	Cash			52,500
	( To record the payment of notes payable along with interest)
4.	Operating expense		96,000
	Cash			96,000
	( To record the cash paid for operating expenses)
5.	Sales tax payable (6)		8,100
	Cash			8,100
	( To record the cash paid for sales tax payable)

Table (8)

Event 1. To record the payment of sales tax of the previous year:

• Sales tax payable is a liability and there is a decrease in the value of liability. Hence, debit the sales tax payable by $1,800.
• Cash is an asset and there is a decrease in the value of an asset. Hence, credit the cash by $1,800.

Event 2. To record the sales for cash:

• Cash is an asset and there is an increase in the value of an asset. Hence, debit the cash by $164,300.
• Service revenue is a component of stockholder’s equity and there is an increase in the value of revenue. Hence, it is credited by $155,000.
• Sales tax payable is a liability and there is an increase in the value of liability. Hence, credit the sales tax payable by $9,300.

Event 3a. To record the accrued interest recognized:

• Interest expense (expense) is a component of stockholders equity and there is an increase in the value of expense. Hence, debit the interest by $625.
• Interest payable is a liability and there is an increase in the value of liability. Hence, credit the fine payable by $625.

Event 3b. To record the payment of notes payable along with interest:

• Interest payable is a liability and there is a decrease in the value of liability. Hence, credit the fine payable by $2,500.
• Notes payable is a liability and there is a decrease in the value of liability. Hence, debit the notes payable by $50,000.
• Cash is an asset and there is a decrease in the value of an asset. Hence, credit the notes payable by $52,500.

Event 4. To record the operating expense paid for cash:

• Operating expense (expense) is a component of stockholder’s equity and there is an increase in the value of expense. Hence, debit the operating expense by $96,000.
• Cash is an asset and there is a decrease in the value of an asset. Hence, credit the cash by $96,000.

Event 5. To record the payment of sales tax for cash:

• Sales tax payable is a liability and there is a decrease in the value of liability. Hence, debit the sales tax payable by $8,100.
• Cash is an asset and there is a decrease in the value of an asset. Hence, credit the cash by $8,100.

Working Note:

Determine the sales tax payable on the service rendered.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Sales tax payable}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Value of }\\ \text{service provided }\end{array}\right)\times \text{Rate of tax}\\ \text{=\$155,000}\times 6\%\\ =\$9,300\end{array}$ (4)

Determine the interest on note payable.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Interest expense}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Value of }\\ \text{note payable }\end{array}\right)\times \left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Rate }\\ \text{of tax}\end{array}\right)\times \frac{\text{Number of months outstanding}}{\text{Months in a year}}\\ \text{=\$50,000}\times 5\%\times \frac{3}{12}\\ =\$625\end{array}$ (5)

Determine the sales tax due for the year.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Sales tax payable}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Value of }\\ \text{service provided }\end{array}\right)\times \text{Rate of tax}\\ \text{=\$135,000}\times 6\%\\ =\$8,100\end{array}$ (6)

Post the transactions to T-accounts for Year 2.

Cash
Balance	$107,800	1.	$1,800
2.	$164,300	3b.	$52,500
		4.	$96,000
		5.	$8,100
Balance	$113,700

Sales tax Payable
1.	$1,800	Balance	$1,800
5.	$8,100	2.	$9,300
		Balance	$1,200

Interest Payable
		Balance	$1,875
3b.	$2,500	3a.	$625
		Balance	$0

Notes Payable
		Balance	$50,000
3b.	$50,000
		Balance	$0

Retained earnings
		Balance	$54,125

Service Revenue
		2.	$155,000
		Balance	$155,000

Operating Expense
4.	$96,000
Balance	$96,000

Interest Expense
3a.	$625
Balance	$625

Prepare the income statement for Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 2.

Company B
Statement of income
For the year ended December 31, Year 2
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Service Revenue		155,000
Expenses:
Operating Expenses	96,000
Total operating expense		(96,000)
Operating income		59,000
Interest expense		(625)
Net income		58,375

Table (9)

Hence, the net income of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 2 is $58,375.

Prepare the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 2.

Company B
Statement of changes in stockholders' equity
For the year ended December 31, Year 2
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Common Stock		0
Beginning retained earnings	54,125
Add/Less: Net Income (Loss)	58,375
Ending Retained Earnings		112,500
Total stockholder's equity		112,500

Table (10)

Hence, the total stockholders’ equity of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 2 is $112,500.

Prepare the balance sheet of Company B as on December 31, Year 2.

Company B
Balance sheet
As on December 31, Year 2
Assets	Amount $	Amount $
Cash		113,700
Total Assets		113,700
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Liabilities
Sales tax Payable	1,200
Total Liabilities		1,200
Stockholders’ Equity
Retained Earnings	112,500
Total Stockholders’ Equity		112,500
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity		113,700

Table (11)

Hence, the total of assets and liabilities and stockholders’ equity of Company B as on December 31, Year 2 is $113,700.

Prepare the statement of cash flows of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 2.

Company B
Statement of cash flows
For the year ended December 31, Year 2
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Cash flow from operating activities:
Cash reeipts from Customers	$155,000
Inflow from Sales Tax	9,300
Cash paid for Expenses	(96,000)
Cash paid for Sales Tax expense	(9,900)
Cash paid for Interest exepnse	(2,500)
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities		55,900
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Net Cash Flow From Investing Activities		0
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Repayment of loan	(50,000)
Net Cash Flow From Financing Activities		(50,000)
Net Change in Cash		5,900
Add: Beginning Cash Balance		107,800
Ending Cash Balance		113,700

Table (12)

Prepare journal entries to record the closing of temporary accounts.

Date	Account title and Explanation	Post ref.	Amount $
			Debit	Credit
Year 1
December 31	Service Revenue		155,000
	Retained Earnings			155,000
	( To record the closing entries for revenue account)
December 31	Retained Earnings		96,625
	Operating Expense			96,000
	Interest Expense			625
	( To record the closing for expenses account)

Table (13)

Post the closing entries to the T-accounts.

Cash
Balance	$113,700

Sales tax Payable
		Balance	$1,200

Retained earnings
		Balance	$54,125
Closing balance	$96,625	Closing balance	$155,000
		Balance	$112,500

Service Revenue
Closing balance	$155,000	Balance	$155,000
		Balance	$0

Operating Expense
Balance	$96,000	Closing balance	$96,000
Balance	$0
Interest Expense
Balance	$625	Closing balance	$625
Balance	$0

Prepare the post-closing trial balance of Company B for the year ended December 31, Year 2.

Company B
Post-closing trial balance
For the year ended December 31,Year 2
Particulars	Amount $	Amount $
Cash	113,700
Sales Tax Payable		1,200
Retained Earnings		112,500
Totals	$113,700	$113,700

Table (14)