Chapter 9, Problem 1P

Match each of the terms in the left column to the best-fitting phrase from the right column.

a.	oligonucleotide	1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
b.	vector	2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
c.	sticky ends	3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
d.	recombinant DNA	4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
e.	ddNTPs	5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
f.	genomic library	6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
g.	genomic equivalent	7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
h.	gel electrophoresis	8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
i.	selectable marker	9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
j.	hybridization	10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
k.	primer	11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
l.	polylinker	12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oligonucleotide” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

The primers that are used in the DNA reactions are the short and small fragments called oligonucleotides.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oligonucleotide: A short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine.

Explanation of Solution

Oligonucleotides are small fragments of DNA which are used as primers in DNA sequencing reactions. These are complementary to the vector sequence.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “vector” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

A vector can be considered as the carrier of the genetic material.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Vector: A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Explanation of Solution

A vector is a DNA molecule that is used for transportation, replication, and purification of DNA fragment. It acts as a carrier. The insert DNA cannot replicate independently. Therefore, the vector is used to support the replication.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sticky ends” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Sticky ends are the result of the incision process of various types of restriction enzymes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sticky ends: Short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments

Explanation of Solution

Sticky ends are produced when DNA strands are incised with restriction enzymes. Sticky ends have the ability to ligate with the complimentary sticky ends which are incised by the same restriction enzyme.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “recombinant DNA” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Recombinant DNA is the modified form of DNA that is produced with the help of genetic engineering tools.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Recombinant DNA: Contains genetic material from two different organisms

Explanation of Solution

Recombinant DNA molecules consist of vector DNA and insert DNA from the different organisms. The vector DNA and the insert DNA fragment are joined to form a recombinant DNA molecule.

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “ddNTPs” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

ddNTPs stands for dinucleotide triphosphate. These nucleotides act as subunits for the chain termination process.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ddNTPs: DNA chain-terminating subunits

Explanation of Solution

ddNTPs are the dideoxynucleotides triphosphates used as a chain-terminating subunits. This is because the polymerase enzyme does not elongate the primer from a ddNTP.

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “genomic library” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

A genomic library contains the vast collection of genetic material or DNA stretches of given species.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Genomic library: A collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector.

Explanation of Solution

A genomic library consists of several cellular clones. These clones have each gene sequence related to entire genome of the species. These are carried by appropriate vector.

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “genomic equivalent” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

The number of fragments of DNA that are inserted into a particular clone.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Genomic equivalent: The number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism

Explanation of Solution

Genomic equivalent is defined as the count of number of DNA fragments inserted into clones in an accurate genomic library. The genomic equivalent can be calculated by dividing the total length of the genome with the mean size of insert.

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gel electrophoresis” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

It is a type of technique used for the separation of segments of DNA.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gel electrophoresis: Method for separating DNA molecules by size

Explanation of Solution

Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate the macromolecules such as DNA on the basis of their size. The smaller fragments run quickly as compared to the larger fragments.

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “selectable marker” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

With the hel of selectable marker, one can easily distinuish between the transformants among the non transformants.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Selectable marker: Gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants

Explanation of Solution

Selectable marker is a gene present in a vector which is used for the isolation of transformants. Due to the presence of selectable marker, transformant cells can be isolated.

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “hybridization” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Association of two single-stranded molecules of DNA to form single double-stranded DNA.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Hybridization: Stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other

Explanation of Solution

Hybridization is a procedure in which two single-stranded DNA molecules bind to form a single double-stranded DNA molecule. The two strands must be complementary to each other.

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “primer” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Short stretch of nucleotide strands that can be extended with the help of polymerase enzyme.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Primer: Oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication

Explanation of Solution

A primer is a small nucleic acid sequence that provides an initiation point for DNA synthesis. The primer is extended by the DNA polymerase enzyme.

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polylinker” among the options given below.

1.	gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
2.	a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector
3.	synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
4.	stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
5.	method for separating DNA molecules by size
6.	oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
7.	contains genetic material from two different organisms
8.	the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
9.	short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
10.	a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine
11.	DNA chain-terminating subunits
12.	a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment

Introduction:

Polylinker is a type of synthetic segment of DNA having unique restriction sites.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polylinker: Synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA

Explanation of Solution

A polylinker is a small segment of DNA. It contains several restriction sites but these restriction sites are unique. Polylinkers are used for the insertion of foreign DNA.