Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781119329398
Author: Gerard J Tortora, Bryan Derrickson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 1CP
On what basis are joints classified?
Expert Solution & Answer
Summary Introduction
To review:
The basis on which the joints are classified in the human body.
Introduction:
A joint can be defined as the region of contact between the cartilage and the bone or between two bones. Flexible connective tissues hold the two or more bones together to allow movement along with better stability. These joints perform different functions based on their location and tasks.
Explanation of Solution
The joints are classified in two ways based on their structure or anatomical characteristics and function or types of movement permitted.
From a structural point of view, the joints are classified based on the kind of connective tissue, which binds the bones and the absence or the presence of the synovial cavity. Three types of joints based on the structure are as follows:
Fibrous joints: In this type, the bones are held together by the help of the dense irregular type of connective tissues that is rich in collagen fibers. There is an absence of synovial cavity in this joint type.
Cartilaginous joints: In this type, the bones are held together by cartilages. There is an absence of synovial cavity in this joint type.
Synovial joints: In this type, the bones forming the joint are encapsulated in a structure known as a synovial joint. The bones forming this joint are attached by dense and irregular type of connective tissue consisting of the articular capsule and some accessory structures like the ligaments.
From the functional point of view, the joints are classified by degree of movement permitted by the joint. The three types of joints based on the functional aspect are as follows:
Synarthrosis: In this type, the two bones are attached in such a way that there are absolutely no movements in the joint.
Amphiarthrosis: In this type, the bones are attached in such a way that the bones are slightly movable.
Diarthrosis: In this type, the bones are attached in such a way that the bones are allowed freedom of movement.
Conclusion
Thus, the joints are classified based on their structure and function.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!
Students have asked these similar questions
8. Aerobic respiration of a 5 mM solution of tripeptide that is composed of the following three amino acids;
alanine, leucine and isoleucine. Alanine breaks down to pyruvate, leucine breaks down to Acetyl-CoA and
isoleucine breaks down to succinyl-CoA.
Alanine
NADH
FADH2
OP ATP
SLP ATP
Total ATP
Leucine
Isoleucine
Totals
Show your work using dimensional analysis here:
4
9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two
fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure
below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of
the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally
put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your
total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available.
fatty acids
glycerol
18 carbons
12 carbons
0=
influences of environment on the phenotype.
Chapter 9 Solutions
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
Ch. 9 - On what basis are joints classified?Ch. 9 - Which fibrous joints are synarthroses? Which are...Ch. 9 - Which cartilaginous joints are synarthroses? Which...Ch. 9 - How does the structure of synovial joints classify...Ch. 9 - What are the functions of articular cartilage,...Ch. 9 - 6. What types of sensations are perceived at...Ch. 9 - 7. In what ways are bursae similar to joint...Ch. 9 - What are the four major categories of movements...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9CPCh. 9 - 10. Which types of joints are uniaxial, biaxial,...
Ch. 9 - 11. How do the strength and tension of ligaments...Ch. 9 - 12. Using Tables 9.3 and 9.4 as a guide, identify...Ch. 9 - 13. What distinguishes the temporomandibular joint...Ch. 9 - Which tendons at the shoulder joint of a baseball...Ch. 9 - At the elbow joint, which ligaments connect (a)...Ch. 9 - 16. Why is dislocation of the femur so rare?
Ch. 9 - What are the opposing functions of the anterior...Ch. 9 - 18. Which joints show evidence of degeneration in...Ch. 9 - Which joints of the body most commonly undergo...Ch. 9 - Katie loves pretending that she's a human...Ch. 9 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 9 - Prob. 3CTQ
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is the difference between codominance and phenotypic plasticity?arrow_forwardExplain the differences between polygeny and pleiotropy,arrow_forwardIf using animals in medical experiments could save human lives, is it ethical to do so? In your answer, apply at least one ethical theory in support of your position.arrow_forward
- You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?arrow_forwardYou decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.arrow_forwardYou implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb? Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.arrow_forward
- Design a grafting experiment to determine if limb mesoderm determines forelimb / hindlimb identity. Include the experiment, a control, and an interpretation in your answer.arrow_forwardThe Snapdragon is a popular garden flower that comes in a variety of colours, including red, yellow, and orange. The genotypes and associated phenotypes for some of these flowers are as follows: aabb: yellow AABB, AABb, AaBb, and AaBB: red AAbb and Aabb: orange aaBB: yellow aaBb: ? Based on this information, what would the phenotype of a Snapdragon with the genotype aaBb be and why? Question 21 options: orange because A is epistatic to B yellow because A is epistatic to B red because B is epistatic to A orange because B is epistatic to A red because A is epistatic to B yellow because B is epistatic to Aarrow_forwardA sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forward
- A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168130Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark WomblePublisher:OpenStax College
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Fundamentals of Sectional Anatomy: An Imaging App...BiologyISBN:9781133960867Author:Denise L. LazoPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305112100
Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781938168130
Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher:OpenStax College
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Fundamentals of Sectional Anatomy: An Imaging App...
Biology
ISBN:9781133960867
Author:Denise L. Lazo
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chapter 7 - Human Movement Science; Author: Dr. Jeff Williams;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlqElkn4PA4;License: Standard youtube license