Concept explainers
Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule (duet rule for H) for each of the following molecules. Carbon is the central atom in CH4, nitrogen is the central atom in NH3, and oxygen is the central atom in H2O.
a. F2
b. O2
c. CO
d. CH4
e. NH3
f. H2O
g. HF
(a)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure is to be drawn for the given molecules.
Concept introduction: The Lewis structure is also known as dot structure. This structure depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons if exists.
The octet rule states that atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to get the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas.
To determine: The Lewis structure of the molecule
Answer to Problem 85E
Explanation of Solution
The first step in determining the Lewis structure is to determine the number of valence electrons. The atomic number of fluorine
The valence electron of fluorine is 7
The fluorine molecule
The skeletal structure of
Each fluorine atom requires one electron to complete the octet. Hence, the mutual sharing of two electrons takes place. The 12 valence electrons present are placed as lone pairs in such a way that each atom gets three lone pairs.
The Lewis structure of
Figure 1
(b)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure is to be drawn for the given molecules.
Concept introduction: The Lewis structure is also known as dot structure. This structure depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons if exists.
The octet rule states that atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to get the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas.
To determine: The Lewis structure of the molecule
Answer to Problem 85E
Explanation of Solution
The first step in determining the Lewis structure is to determine the number of valence electrons. The atomic number of oxygen
The valence electron of oxygen is 6
The oxygen molecule
The skeletal structure of
Each oxygen atom requires two electrons to complete the octet. Hence, the mutual sharing of four electrons takes place. The 8 valence electrons present are placed as lone pairs in such a way that each atom gets two lone pairs.
The Lewis structure of
Figure 2
(c)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure is to be drawn for the given molecules.
Concept introduction: The Lewis structure is also known as dot structure. This structure depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons if exists.
The octet rule states that atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to get the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas.
To determine: The Lewis structure of the molecule
Answer to Problem 85E
Explanation of Solution
The first step in determining the Lewis structure is to determine the number of valence electrons. The atomic number of oxygen is 8 and its electronic configuration is,
The valence electron of oxygen is 6
The atomic number of carbon
The valence electron of carbon is 4
The molecule
The skeletal structure of
Each oxygen atom requires two electrons to complete the octet whereas carbon requires four electrons to complete the octet. Hence, the mutual sharing of six electrons takes place which is represented by triple bond. The 4 valence electrons left are placed as lone pairs in such a way that each atom gets one lone pair.
The Lewis structure of
Figure 3
(d)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure is to be drawn for the given molecules.
Concept introduction: The Lewis structure is also known as dot structure. This structure depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons if exists.
The octet rule states that atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to get the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas.
To determine: The Lewis structure of the molecule
Answer to Problem 85E
Explanation of Solution
The first step in determining the Lewis structure is to determine the number of valence electrons. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its electronic configuration is,
The valence electron of carbon is 4
The atomic number of hydrogen
The valence electron of hydrogen is 1
The molecule
The skeletal structure of
Figure 4
Each hydrogen atom requires one electron to complete the octet whereas carbon requires four electrons to complete the octet. In the molecule
The Lewis structure of
Figure 5
(e)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure is to be drawn for the given molecules.
Concept introduction: The Lewis structure is also known as dot structure. This structure depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons if exists.
The octet rule states that atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to get the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas.
To determine: The Lewis structure of the molecule
Answer to Problem 85E
Explanation of Solution
The first step in determining the Lewis structure is to determine the number of valence electrons. The atomic number of nitrogen
The valence electron of nitrogen is 5
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 and its electronic configuration is,
The valence electron of hydrogen is 1
The molecule
The skeletal structure of
Figure 6
Each hydrogen atom requires one electron to complete the octet whereas nitrogen requires three electrons to complete the octet. In the molecule
The Lewis structure of
Figure 7
(f)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure is to be drawn for the given molecules.
Concept introduction: The Lewis structure is also known as dot structure. This structure depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons if exists.
The octet rule states that atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to get the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas.
To determine: The Lewis structure of the molecule
Answer to Problem 85E
Explanation of Solution
The first step in determining the Lewis structure is to determine the number of valence electrons. The atomic number of oxygen is 8 and its electronic configuration is,
The valence electron of oxygen is 6
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 and its electronic configuration is,
The valence electron of hydrogen is 1
The molecule
The skeletal structure of
Figure 8
Each hydrogen atom requires one electron to complete the octet whereas oxygen requires two electrons to complete the octet. In the molecule
The Lewis structure of
Figure 9
(g)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure is to be drawn for the given molecules.
Concept introduction: The Lewis structure is also known as dot structure. This structure depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons if exists.
The octet rule states that atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to get the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas.
To determine: The Lewis structure of the molecule
Answer to Problem 85E
Explanation of Solution
The first step in determining the Lewis structure is to determine the number of valence electrons. The atomic number of fluorine is 9 and its electronic configuration is,
The valence electron of fluorine is 7
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 and its electronic configuration is,
The valence electron of hydrogen is 1
The molecule
The skeletal structure of
Each hydrogen atom requires one electron to complete the octet whereas fluorine requires one electron to complete the octet. Hence, the mutual sharing of eight electrons takes place.
The Lewis structure of
Figure 10
The Lewis dot structure is drawn to satisfy the octets of atoms. The octet rule states that elements gain or lose electrons to get the nearest noble gas configuration.
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Chapter 8 Solutions
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