Chapter 8, Problem 8.55SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis for the given reaction by providing the structure of the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The general steps for the formation of halohydrin are stated below:

• The first step is the attack of halide ion to form a halonium ion.
• The second step is the attack of water to opens the halonium ion.
• The last step is deprotonation to give the halohydrin product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis for the given reaction by providing the structure of the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Oxymercuration-demercuration is one of the methods used to convert alkenes into alcohols. This type of reaction follows Markovnikov’s rule.

Osmium tetroxide also called osmic acid reacts with alkenes to form cyclic osmate ester. Hydrogen peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent to hydrolyze the osmate ester. The attack of oxygen from osmic acid to the double bond of alkene is from the same side. Thus, they have syn stereochemistry.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis for the given reaction by providing the structure of the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Ozonolysis is the oxidative cleavage of the double bond, where $\text{C=C}$ bond breaks and hence formation of $\text{C}-\text{O}$ bond takes place. During oxidative cleavage, ketone or aldehyde formation takes place.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis for the given reaction by providing the structure of the major product is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Hydroboration reaction is a two step reaction, which involves conversion of alkene into alcohol. This type of reaction follows anti-markovinokov’s rule.

Anti markovinokov’s rule states that the positive part of acid attached to that carbon atom in $\text{C=C}$ bond which carries minimum number of hydrogen atoms and the negative part of acid will attach to that carbon atom in $\text{C=C}$ bond which has maximum number of hydrogen atoms.