
Concept explainers
Case D. Stewart Company reports the following inventory record for November:
INVENTORY | |||
Date | Activity | # of Units | Cost/Unit |
November 1 | Beginning balance | 100 | $16 |
November 4 | Purchase | 300 | 19 |
November 7 | Sale (@ $50 per unit) | 200 | |
November 13 | Purchase | 500 | 21 |
November 22 | Sale (@ $50 per unit) | 500 |
Selling, administrative, and
- 1. Calculate the cost of ending inventory and the cost of goods sold under each of the following methods:
- a. First-in. first-out.
- b. Last-in. first-out.
- c. Weighted average (round unit cost to the nearest penny).
- 2. Based on your answers in requirement (1):
- a. What is the gross profit percentage under the FIFO method?
- b. What is net income under the LIFO method?
- c. Which method would you recommend to Stewart for tax and financial reporting purposes? Explain your recommendation.
- 3. Stewart applied the lower of cost or market method to value its inventory for reporting purposes at the end of the month. Assuming Stewart used the FIFO method and that inventory had a market replacement value of $19.50 per unit, what would Stewart report on the balance sheet for inventory? Why?
1. a.

Calculate the cost of ending inventory, and cost of goods sold under First-in, first-out (FIFO) method.
Explanation of Solution
First-in-First-Out:
In First-in-First-Out method, the costs of the initially purchased items are considered as cost of goods sold, for the items which are sold first. The value of the ending inventory consists of the recent purchased items.
Calculate the Cost of goods available for sales.
Date | Particulars | Units (a) | Unit Cost (in $) (b) | Total Cost (in $) |
November 1 | Beginning inventory | 100 | 16 | 1,600 |
November 4 | Purchase | 300 | 19 | 5,700 |
November 13 | Purchase | 500 | 21 | 10,500 |
Total | 900 | $17,800 |
Table (1)
Calculate the cost of goods sold.
Date | Particulars | Units (a) | Unit Cost (in $) (b) | Total Cost (in $) |
November 7 | Sales | 100 | 16 | 1,600 |
100 | 19 | 1,900 | ||
November 22 | Sales | 200 | 19 | 3,800 |
300 | 21 | 6,300 | ||
Total | 700 | $13,600 |
Table (2)
Calculate the Cost of Ending Inventory.
Date | Units (a) | Unit Cost (in $) (b) | Total Cost (in $) |
November 13 | 200 | 21 | 4,200 |
Total | 200 | $4,200 |
Table (3)
Hence, the cost of ending inventory, and cost of goods sold under First-in, first-out (FIFO) method is $4,200, and $13,600 respectively.
1. b.

Calculate the cost of ending inventory, and cost of goods sold under Last-in, first-out (LIFO) method.
Explanation of Solution
Last-in-Last-Out:
In Last-in-First-Out method, the costs of last purchased items are considered as the cost of goods sold, for the items which are sold first. The value of the closing stock consists of the initial purchased items.
Calculate the Cost of goods available for sales.
Date | Particulars | Units (a) | Unit Cost (in $) (b) | Total Cost (in $) |
November 1 | Beginning inventory | 100 | 16 | 1,600 |
November 4 | Purchase | 300 | 19 | 5,700 |
November 13 | Purchase | 500 | 21 | 10,500 |
Total | 900 | $17,800 |
Table (4)
Calculate the cost of goods sold.
Date | Particulars | Units (a) | Unit Cost (in $) (b) | Total Cost (in $) |
November 7 | Sales | 200 | 21 | 4,200 |
November 22 | Sales | 300 | 21 | 6,300 |
200 | 19 | 3,800 | ||
Total | 700 | $14,300 |
Table (5)
Calculate the Cost of Ending Inventory.
Date | Units (a) | Unit Cost (in $) (b) | Total Cost (in $) |
November 1 | 100 | 16 | 1,600 |
November 4 | 100 | 19 | 1,900 |
Total | 200 | $3,500 |
Table (6)
Hence, the cost of ending inventory, and cost of goods sold under Last-in, first-out (LIFO) method is $3,500, and $14,300 respectively.
1. c.

Calculate the cost of ending inventory, and cost of goods sold under weighted average method.
Explanation of Solution
Weighted-average cost method:
Under average cost method inventories are priced at the average of all available inventories. Average cost is the quotient of total cost of goods available for sale and total units available for sale.
Calculate the Weighted-average cost.
Calculate the amount of Ending Inventory.
Calculate the Cost of goods sold.
Working Note:
Calculate the number of units in ending inventory.
Hence, the cost of ending inventory, and cost of goods sold under weighted average method is $3,956, and $13,844 respectively.
2. a.

Calculate the gross profit percentage under the FIFO method.
Explanation of Solution
Gross Profit Rate:
Gross is the financial ratio that shows the relationship between the gross profit and net sales. It represents gross profit as a rate of net sales. Gross Profit is the difference between the net sales revenue, and the cost of goods sold. It can be calculated by using the following formula:
Calculate gross profit percentage:
Working Note:
Calculate the gross profit.
Hence, the gross profit percentage under the FIFO method is 61.14%.
2. b.

Ascertain the net income under the LIFO method.
Explanation of Solution
Net Income:
Net income is the sum total of all the revenues generated in a particular accounting period after deducting cost of goods sold and expenses and losses, such as rent expense, depreciation of that particular accounting period.
Determine the net income under the LIFO method.
Sales revenue | $35,000 |
Less: Cost of goods sold | 14,300 |
Gross profit | 20,700 |
Less: Operating expenses | 16,000 |
Pretax income | 4,700 |
Less: Income tax expense | 1,410 |
Net income | $3,290 |
Table (7)
Hence, the net income under the LIFO method is $3,290.
2. c.

Identify the method which would be recommended to Company S for tax and financial reporting purposes and to explain it.
Explanation of Solution
The method which would be recommended to Company S for tax and financial reporting purposes is the Last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The prices of the inventories are increasing. When the prices increase, under LIFO method, the cost of goods sold will be increased, which results in the decreased net income. Due to this decreased net income, the amount of tax payable will also be less. Hence, for tax purposes, LIFO method is the best inventory method. The LIFO Conformity Rule indicates that when a company adopts the LIFO method for tax purposes, it must use the same LIFO method for financial reporting purposes also, even if it reports the lowest net income.
Therefore, the method which would be recommended to Company S for tax and financial reporting purposes is the LIFO method.
3.

Ascertain the amount of inventory that would be reported on the balance sheet of Company S and to discuss the reason behind it.
Explanation of Solution
Lower-of-cost-or-market:
The lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) is a method which requires the reporting of the ending merchandise inventory in the financial statement of a company, at its current market value (market) or at its historical cost price, whichever is less.
Compute the amount of ending inventory using lower-of-cost-or-market method:
Quantity (Units) | Cost Price | Market Price | Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) | ||
Rate per unit | Total cost ($) | Rate per unit | Total cost ($) | ||
200 | 21 | 4,200 | 19.50 | 3,900 | 3,900 |
Table (8)
Hence, the amount of inventory that would be reported on the balance sheet of Company S is $3,900, as the market value of ending inventory ($3,900) is lower than the FIFO cost of the ending inventory ($4,200). This difference amount of $300
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Chapter 8 Solutions
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 9TH
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