Chapter 8, Problem 67E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The difference among reactant and product in scientific terms is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In a balanced chemical equation, all the reactants and products are written with their stoichiometric coefficients and their physical states. The number of atoms of an element on both sides of a balanced chemical equation is equal.

Answer to Problem 67E

The reactant is the starting material which takes part in the reaction to give new compounds and product is new compound which is formed in a reaction.

Explanation of Solution

In a chemical reaction, the starting materials which take part in the reaction and undergo chemical changes to give new compounds are known as reactants. The new compounds which are formed in a reaction are known as products. Thus, a chemical reaction can be written as given below.

$\text{Reactants}\to \text{Products}$

Conclusion

The reactant is the starting material which takes part in the reaction to give new compounds and product is new compound which is formed in a reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The difference among the given symbols in scientific terms is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In a balanced chemical equation, all the reactants and products are written with their stoichiometric coefficients and their physical states. The number of atoms of an element on both sides of a balanced chemical equation is equal. The physical states of reactants and products of a chemical reaction are also shown in the reaction using their respective symbols.

Answer to Problem 67E

The symbols (g), $\left(l\right)$, (s), (aq) show the physical state of reactants and products as gaseous, liquid, solid and solution respectively.

Explanation of Solution

The physical states of reactants and products of a chemical reaction are shown using their respective symbols. The symbols given are: (g), $\left(l\right)$, (s), (aq).

The symbol (g) denotes that the reactant or product is present in the gaseous state.

The symbol $\left(l\right)$ denotes that the reactant or product is present in the liquid state.

The symbol (s) denotes that the reactant or product is present in the solid state.

The symbol (aq) denotes that the reactant or product is present in the solution form and the solvent used to make that solution is water.

Conclusion

The symbols (g), $\left(l\right)$, (s), (aq) show the physical state of reactants and products as gaseous, liquid, solid and solution respectively.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The difference among the combination reaction and decomposition reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

There are different types of reactions. Combination reaction is a type of reaction in which substances combine to form a new product. Decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which the reactant breaks down to give new products.

Answer to Problem 67E

Combination reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which two or more than two reactants combine to form the product. Decomposition reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the reactant breaks down to form new products.

Explanation of Solution

Combination reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which two or more than two reactants combine to form the product. This type of reaction can be written as given below.

$\text{A}+\text{B}\to \text{C}$

Where,

• $\text{A}$ and $\text{B}$ are reactants.

• $\text{C}$ is the product.

Decomposition reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the reactant breaks down to form new products. It is just the reverse of combination reaction. This type of reaction can be written as given below.

$\text{A}\to \text{C}+\text{B}$

Where,

• $\text{A}$ is the reactant.

• $\text{C}$ and $\text{B}$ are the products.

Conclusion

Combination reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which two or more than two reactants combine to form the product. Decomposition reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the reactant breaks down to form new products.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The difference among the single replacement and double replacement is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

There are different types of reactions. Single replacement reaction is a type of chemical reactions in which the reaction takes place between an element and a compound. In single replacement reactions, one of the elements present in the compound is replaced by the other element. Double replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which the exchange of ions takes place between the reactants.

Answer to Problem 67E

Single replacement reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the more reactive element replaces the less reactive element from a compound. Double replacement reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the ions of the two reactants exchange to give new combination of products.

Explanation of Solution

Single replacement reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the more reactive element replaces the less reactive element from a compound. This type of reaction can be written as given below.

$\text{AB}+\text{C}\to \text{AC}+\text{B}$

Where,

• $\text{AB}$ and $\text{C}$ are reactants.

• $\text{AC}$ and $\text{B}$ are products.

In the above reaction, the more reactive C replaces B from the compound AB and gives AC and B as products.

Double replacement reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the ions of the two reactants exchange to give new combination of products. This type of reaction can be written as given below.

$\text{AB}+\text{CD}\to \text{AC}+\text{BD}$

Where,

• $\text{AB}$ and $\text{CD}$ are reactants.

• $\text{AC}$ and $\text{BD}$ are products.

In the above reaction, A of AB combines with C of CD to give AC and B of AB combines with D of CD to give BD.

Conclusion

Single replacement reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the more reactive element replaces the less reactive element from a compound. Double replacement reaction can be defined as the type of reaction in which the ions of the two reactants exchange to give new combination of products.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The difference among the acid, base and salt is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In a balanced chemical equation, all the reactants and products are written with their stoichiometric coefficients and their physical states. The reactants participating in the reaction may be acidic or basic. Due to the certain properties of these reactants the reaction products obtained are different.

Answer to Problem 67E

An acid is a compound which loses ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions in the solution, base is defined as the compound which loses ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in the solution and salt is the compound which is formed by the reaction of an acid and base.

Explanation of Solution

An acid is a compound which loses ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions in the solution. Examples of such compounds are: hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid etc. The base is defined as the compound which loses ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in the solution. Examples of such compounds are: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide etc. Salt is the compound which is formed by the reaction of an acid and base. It is also an ionic compound. The examples of salt are: sodium chloride, potassium sulfate etc.

Conclusion

An acid is a compound which loses ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions in the solution, base is defined as the compound which loses ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in the solution and salt is the compound which is formed by the reaction of an acid and base.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The difference among the precipitation and neutralization reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Double replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which the exchange of ions takes place between the reactants. In double replacement reactions, sometimes a solid compound which settles down is formed. Such reactions are known as precipitation reactions. The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralization reaction.

Answer to Problem 67E

Precipitation reaction is the type of reaction in which a solid compound which settles down is formed. Neutralization reaction is the reaction between an acid and base which results in the formation of salt and water.

Explanation of Solution

Precipitation reaction comes under the category of double replacement reactions. It is the type of reaction in which a solid compound which settles down is formed. The example of such a reaction is given below as,$\text{Ba}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{2}}\left(\text{aq}\right)+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}\left(l\right)\to {\text{BaSO}}_{\text{4}}\left(\text{s}\right)+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\left(l\right)$

In the above reaction, the ${\text{BaSO}}_{\text{4}}$ formed, settles down as precipitate in the reaction.

Neutralization reaction is the reaction between an acid and base which results in the formation of salt and water. The example given above is also an example of neutralization reaction. It shows the reaction between an acid $\left({\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ and a base $\left(\text{Ba}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{2}}\right)$ which gives salt $\left({\text{BaSO}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ and water $\left({\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\right)$ as the products.

Conclusion

Precipitation reaction is the type of reaction in which a solid compound which settles down is formed. Neutralization reaction is the reaction between an acid and base which results in the formation of salt and water.