Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.
Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.
To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions Cu ,Cu+,Cu2+.
(a)
Answer to Problem 53E
Explanation of Solution
In a periodic table the size of ions depends on the nuclear attraction on the valence electrons. Positive ions are formed by removing electrons from outer shell. Hence, formation of positive ions or cation not only vacant the orbitals but also decrease the electron-electron repulsion. As a result size of cations is smaller than neutral atom.
The ions Cu+and Cu2+ are positive ions where Cu2+ is smaller because it contains large positive charge and have high nuclear attraction.
Hence, the decreasing order is Cu>Cu+>Cu2+.
The size of ions depends on the gaining or losing of electrons. The size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons. The decreasing order of ions size is Cu>Cu+>Cu2+.
(b)
Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.
Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.
To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions Ni2+ ,Pd2+,Pt2+.
(b)
Answer to Problem 53E
Explanation of Solution
In a periodic table, the size of elements increases down the group. The elements Ni,Pd and Pt lie in 10th group. Hence, the increasing order of size is Ni<Pd<Pt.
The size of ions also depends on the nuclear attraction on the valence electrons. Positive ions are formed by removing electrons from outer shell. Hence, formation of positive ions or cation not only vacant the orbitals but also decrease the electron-electron repulsion. As a result size of cations is smaller than neutral atom.
Hence, the decreasing order of ions is Pt2+>Pd2+>Ni2+.
The size of ions depends on the gaining or losing of electrons. The size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons. The decreasing order of ions size is Pt2+>Pd2+>Ni2+.
(c)
Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.
Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.
To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions O ,O−,O2−.
(c)
Answer to Problem 53E
Explanation of Solution
Addition of electrons leads to increase in electron-electron repulsion which causes the electrons to spread out more in space. As a result, size of anion is larger than neutral atom.
Hence, the decreasing order of ions is O2−>O−>O.
(d)
Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.
Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.
To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions La3+ ,Eu3+,Gd3+,Yb3+.
(d)
Answer to Problem 53E
Explanation of Solution
The elements La , Eu, Gd,Yb are
Hence, the decreasing order of ions is La3+ >Eu3+> Gd3+>Yb3+.
(e)
Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.
Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.
To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions Te2−,I−,Cs+,Ba2+,La3+.
(e)
Answer to Problem 53E
Explanation of Solution
In a periodic table, the size of elements decreases from left to right along the period. Also if the periodic number is increases then atomic size also increases. The elements Cs,Ba and La lie in 6th period and elements Te and I lie in 5th period. Hence, the decreasing order of atomic size is Cs>Ba>La>Te>I.
The electronic configuration of ions Te2−,I−,Cs+,Ba2+,La3+ is,
Te2−:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
I−:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
Cs+:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
Ba2+:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
La3+:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
The number of electrons present in Te2−,I−,Cs+,Ba2+,La3+ ions is 54. Hence these ions are isoelectronic. Since the atomic size is increased with increase of anion charge and decrease with increase of cation charge. For isoelectronic configuration, the order of decreasing size of ions is Te2−>I−>Cs+>Ba2+>La3+.
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