
The two stages involved in pricing of an estimate.

Explanation of Solution
Pricing of estimate is defined as the process of approximately calculating the cost of the project after considering various factors influencing the cost of the project.
There are two stages of pricing of estimate and are given below.
Stage 1 − It is the starting phase and during this stage, a general list of all items required is prepared. This phase is also known as take off phase since take off of all items in the bid package is done.
Stage -2 − In this phase the price of all the items in the list is calculated. During this stage, the estimator focuses on one trade at a time while performing the pricing of items so it is considered as recap. This phase is known as recap. After finishing the recap, the summary of pricing for each craft is made. This makes the final bid easy.
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Chapter 8 Solutions
EBK FUNDAMENTALS OF CONSTRUCTION ESTIMA
- For the frame shown below, determine the vertical displacement at C. Assume that flexural rigidities AB and BC segments are EI and 2EI, respectively. Use the method of virtual work and show all working.arrow_forwardYou are an engineer designing an aeration tank for a wastewater treatment plant receiving municipal waste. The activated sludge system (aeration tank and secondary clarifier) you design needs to remove 85% of the incoming BODs from the primary effluent, giving a final concentration of 30.0 mg BOD5/L exiting the system. Your design will maintain a concentration of 2500 mg VSS/L and F/M ratio of 0.5 g BOD/g VSS d in the aeration tank. In an effort to keep the waste activated sludge low in water, only about 0.1% of the primary effluent flow (Q) exits the WAS line. The secondary effluent has a flow rate of 9990 m³/d. What volume (in m³) will the aeration tank need to be? Write out all equations and state any assumptions as needed. Primary effluent: Aeration tank V, X, S Secondary clarifier Secondary effluent: Q. Xo. So Qe, Xe, S 0 po RAS line: Q, X., S Activated sludge control volume WAS line: Qw, X, Sarrow_forwardAum A waste incinerator stack emits 27,027 kg/yr of cadmium and has an effective stack might of 100 m. The wind speed is 5 m/s at an anemometer located at 10 m. It is a clear sunny day with the sun nearly overhead (Class B conditions). a. Calculate the ground-level cadmium concentration (in ug/m³) at a distance of 2 km directly downwind? [Refer to tables in the textbook to help with this problem] What is the concentration of cadmium (in µg/m³) inside of a house at the location in part (a) after two hours? Note that the initial concentration of cadmium in the house was zero, there are 0.25 air changes per hour (ach), there is no source of cadmium inside the house, and cadmium is considered a conservative pollutant.arrow_forward
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- L h Water Fig. P4 Hinge Farrow_forwardSomeone wants to study environmental engineering in a European country for 8 years and wants to deposit an amount of money in one of the approved banks for the purpose of paying his annual study expenses, where it is planned that he will withdraw $2000 annually after one year from the date of deposit for a period of five consecutive years, and then withdraw $3000 annually for the remaining period of his studies. Calculate the amount required to be deposited for the purpose of covering the study expenses if you know that the interest rate is 8.5%arrow_forwardDesign a typical girder for the floor system shown in the figure below. In addition to the weight of the beam, the dead load consists of a 5-inch-thick reinforced concrete slab (normal-weight concrete). The live load is 85 psf, and there is a 20-psf partition load. Do not check deflections. Assume that the girder is supporting beams on each side, and assume that the beams weigh 35 lb / ft. Let all the loads on the girder act as a uniform load (be sure to include the weight of the beams). 30' A -4 @ 5' = 20' Use the table below. - Mn (ft-kips) Mn/ (ft-kips) | Vn (kips) Vn/v (kips) Shape W21 × 48 398 265 216 144 W12 × 58 324 216 132 87.8 W16 × 45 309 205 167 111 W18 × 40 294 196 169 113 a. Use LRFD. Calculate the required moment strength and the maximum shear. (Express your answers to three significant figures.) Mu - Vu Select a shape: -Select- b. Use ASD. ft-kips kips Calculate the required moment strength and the maximum shear. (Express your answers to three significant figures.) Ma =…arrow_forward
- Water in a tank is used to control the water pressure in a pipe as shown in Figure P5 below. Find the pressure in the pipe at A if h = 200 mm and the mercury is at the elevation shown (between points B and C). Assume standard atmospheric pressure and neglect the diameter of the pipe. Express your answer in kPa.arrow_forwardSelect a W-shape for the following conditions: Beam spacing = 12 ft Span length = 25 ft Slab and deck combination weight = 43 psf Partition load = 20 psf Ceiling weight = 5 psf Flooring weight = 2 psf Live load 160 psf Fy = 50 ksi The maximum live load deflection cannot exceed L/340. Shape Mp (ft-kips) M₁/ (ft-kips) Vn (kips) Vn/v (kips) Ix (in. Vn/n, (kips) I. (in.) W14 × 61 383 254 156 104 640 W21 × 44 358 238 217 145 843 W16 × 50 345 230 186 124 659 W18 × 46 340 226 195 130 712 a. Use LRFD. Calculate the required moment of inertia, the required moment strength, and the maximum shear. (Express your answers to three significant figures.) Ix = in. 4 Μι = Vu Select a shape: -Select- b. Use ASD. ft-kips kips Calculate the required moment of inertia, the required moment strength, and the maximum shear. (Express your answers to three significant figures.) Ix Ma = Va = Select a shape: -Select- 4 in. ft-kips kipsarrow_forwardThe beam shown in the figure below has continuous lateral support of both flanges. The uniform load is a service load consisting of 70% dead load and 30% live load. The dead load includes the weight of the beam. 6 k/ft +9 18' If A992 steel is used, is a W12 × 35 adequate? For A992 steel: Fy = 50 ksi. bf h For W12 x 35: = 6.31, = 36.2 in., Zx 2tf tw (Express your answers to three significant figures.) a. Use LRFD. Mu Фомп = ft-kips ft-kips A W12 × 35 is -Select- b. Use ASD. Ma = ft-kips Mn ft-kips 26 A W12 × 35 is -Select- = +6→ 51.2 in. 3arrow_forward
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