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Concept explainers
To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.
Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria,
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Explanation of Solution
The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Pathophysiology
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- I’m struggling with this topic and would really appreciate your help. I need to hand-draw a diagram and explain the process of sexual differentiation in humans, including structures, hormones, enzymes, and other details. Could you also make sure to include these terms in the explanation? • Gonads • Wolffian ducts • Müllerian ducts • Testes • Testosterone • Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Seminal vesicles • 5-alpha reductase • DHT • Penis • Scrotum • Ovaries • Uterus • Fallopian tubes • Vagina • Clitoris • Labia Thank you so much for your help!arrow_forwardI’m struggling with this topic and would really appreciate your help. I need to hand-draw a diagram and explain the process of sexual differentiation in humans, including structures, hormones, enzymes, and other details. Could you also make sure to include these terms in the explanation? • Gonads • Wolffian ducts • Müllerian ducts • Testes • Testosterone • Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Seminal vesicles • 5-alpha reductase • DHT • Penis • Scrotum • Ovaries • Uterus • Fallopian tubes • Vagina • Clitoris • Labia Thank you so much for your help!arrow_forwardOlder adults have unique challenges in terms of their nutrient needs and physiological changes. Some changes may make it difficult to consume a healthful diet, so it is important to identify strategies to help overcome these obstacles. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about changes in older adults. Select all that apply. Poor vision can make it difficult for older adults to get to a supermarket, and to prepare meals. With age, taste and visual perception decline. As people age, salivary production increases. In older adults with dysphagia, foods like creamy soups, applesauce, and yogurt are usually well tolerated. Lean body mass increases in older adults.arrow_forward
- When physical activity increases, energy requirements increase also. Depending on the type, intensity, and duration of physical activity, the body’s requirements for certain macronutrients may change as well. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about the effects of increased physical activity or athletic training. Select all that apply. An athlete who weighs 70 kg (154 lb) should consume 420 to 700 g of carbohydrate per day. How much additional energy an athlete needs depends on the specific activity the athlete engages in and the frequency of the activity. Those participating in vigorous exercise should restrict their fat intake to less than 15%% of total energy intake. Athletes who are following energy-restricted diets are at risk for consuming insufficient protein. The recommendation to limit saturated fat intake to less than 10%% of total energy intake does not apply to athletes or those who regularly engage in vigorous physical activity.arrow_forwardWhen taking vitamins and vitamin-mineral supplements, how can one be sure they are getting what they are taking?arrow_forwardHow many milligrams of zinc did you consume on average per day over the 3 days? (See the Actual Intakes vs. Recommended Intakes Report with all days checked.) Enter the number of milligrams of zinc rounded to the first decimal place in the box below. ______ mg ?arrow_forward
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