(a)
The calcite rich and non-foliated metamorphic rock.
(a)
Answer to Problem 1GST
Marble is a calcite-rich, non-foliated rock.
Explanation of Solution
The metamorphic rocks that are formed around igneous intrusions where the temperature is high and pressure is low and are distributed equally in all directions are termed as non-foliated metamorphic rocks. During the formation of non-foliated metamorphic rocks, the minerals within the rock recrystallize into large grains and the atoms will become tightly-packed; thereby making it denser than the pre-existing rock.
A calcite-rich, non-foliated metamorphic rock is marble, which is formed by the metamorphism of limestone and dolostone. It is a medium-to-coarse-grained rock with interlocking crystals of calcite.
(b)
The metamorphic rock that is loosely coherent and composed of broken fragments that formed along a fault zone.
(b)
Answer to Problem 1GST
Hence, the loosely coherent rock that is formed along a fault zone and composed of broken fragments is termed as fault breccia.
Explanation of Solution
When two blocks of rocks that have a brittle solid nature moves along a fault zone, fractures are created in the rocks, thereby grinding the rocks. As a result, the loosely coherent rock that is composed of broken and crushed fragments is formed and it is known as fault breccia.
(c)
The metamorphic rock that represents a grade of metamorphism between slate and schist.
(c)
Answer to Problem 1GST
The rock that represents a grade of metamorphism between slate and schist is termed as phyllite.
Explanation of Solution
Metamorphism of shale, mudstone, or siltstone results in the formation of slate, phyllite, and schist.
Slate is a fine-grained rock that has a particle size of less than 0.5mm. It is constituted by the flakes of minerals such as chlorite and mica. Small fragments of quartz and feldspar can also be identified. It is a characteristic rock that shows rock or slaty cleavage in which the rock is split into thin slabs along parallel planes.
A fine-grained rock that is composed of very fine-grained platy minerals, such as muscovite or chlorite or both and breaks along wavy surfaces is called phyllite. It has a glossy sheen and it characterizes the degree of metamorphism between slate and schist.
A medium-to-coarse-grained metamorphic rock which exhibits scaly foliation and composed of micaceous minerals is termed as schist. The foliated texture is due to the parallel arrangement of platy minerals such as muscovite and biotite. A higher pressure and temperature conditions convert the small flakes of mica and chlorite present in the slate to larger muscovite and biotite crystals by recrystallization. Apart from platy minerals, flattened or lens-shaped deformed quartz and feldspar are embedded with mica grains. Mostly, schist is formed as a result of the medium to high grade metamorphism that occurs during orogeny.
(d)
The metamorphic rock that is composed of tiny chlorite and mica grains and display excellent rock cleavage.
(d)
Answer to Problem 1GST
The metamorphic rock that is composed of tiny chlorite and mica grains and exhibits excellent rock cleavage is termed as slate.
Explanation of Solution
The tendency of a rock to split into thin pieces when hammered is called rock cleavage. It develops well in slate and hence termed as slaty cleavage. Slaty cleavage develops due to low grade metamorphism which involves the folding of shale beds and metamorphism to produce slate. Folding occurs by the deformation of rock due to compressional stress. Further deformation recrystallizes the clay minerals in shale into small pieces of chlorite and mica, and they orient perpendicular to the maximum stress direction.
(e)
The metamorphic rock that is foliated and composed predominantly of platy minerals.
(e)
Answer to Problem 1GST
The metamorphic rock that is foliated and composed predominantly of platy minerals is termed as schist.
Explanation of Solution
A planar or layered structure exhibited by platy minerals is termed as schistosity and it is usually exhibited by schist. A higher pressure and temperature conditions convert the small flakes of mica and chlorite present in slate to larger muscovite and biotite crystals by recrystallization. Apart from platy minerals, flattened or lens-shaped deformed quartz and feldspar are embedded with mica grains.
(f)
The metamorphic rock that is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals.
(f)
Answer to Problem 1GST
The metamorphic rock that is composed of alternating light and dark bands is called gneiss.
Explanation of Solution
Segregation of minerals due to ion migration results in the formation of alternating bands of white and dark silicate minerals.
A metamorphic rock which is characterized by alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals is termed as gneiss. A high grade metamorphism of shale generates metamorphic gneiss. At the time of high grade metamorphism, the minerals are segregated as a result of ion migration and it leads to the formation of alternate white and dark bands of silicate minerals. White or reddish feldspar constitutes the white bands and dark ferromagnesian minerals constitute the dark layer. In some cases, the evidence of deformation due to folds and faults can also be traced in banded gneiss.
(g)
The hard and non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism.
(g)
Answer to Problem 1GST
The hard and non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism is quartzite.
Explanation of Solution
A type of metamorphism in which the role of pressure is minimal and occurs at the Earth’s surface or sub-surface by the intrusion of a hot molten material into a country rock is contact metamorphism. The intrusion of a hot molten magma results in a large contrast in temperature between the intruded magma and surrounding country rock. As a result, the area surrounding the igneous intrusion will be metamorphosed due to the heat released by the magma and this area is termed as contact aureole.
Quartzite is a very hard rock that formed by the metamorphism of sandstone. When sandstone is subjected to medium to high grade metamorphism, the quartz mineral grains present in sandstone are compacted together.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology
- Name three advantages of using GIS toolsarrow_forward9. In fieldwork-based research, which of the following involves the use of on-site instruments but would be less appropriate for low-frequency events like landslides or extreme floods? a. an ergodic approach b. environmental monitoring c. sampling across spacearrow_forward7. _ The climate-change scientist Mike Hulme has argued that people who tend to see nature as tolerant, and who believe that global climate properties would likely respond very favourably to certain planetary geo-engineering solutions, tend to be: a. egalitarians. b. hierarchists. c. individualists.arrow_forward
- Cronon’s Research on Wilderness – Consider Cronon’s study of wilderness, as discussed by Kanazawa (2023). In what ways, if any, would it have been appropriate for Cronon to have used quantitative methods in his study of the concept of wilderness, and to what end? Why were qualitative methods particularly appropriate for the study, given the nature of his research topic? 150-200 words response to the questionarrow_forwardConsider Cronon’s study of wilderness, as discussed by Kanazawa (2023). In what ways, if any, would it have been appropriate for Cronon to have used quantitative methods in his study of the concept of wilderness, and to what end? Why were qualitative methods particularly appropriate for the study, given the nature of his research topic?arrow_forwardWhy might drought actually cause fire risk to reduce in a desert area?arrow_forward
- Part 1: A completely saturated sample of sandstone has a bulk density of 2.61 g/cm³, an effective porosity of 10 percent, and a total porosity of 12 percent. Determine the density of the solid phase (i.e., the density of the mineral). Part 2: One cubic meter of quartz sand has a dry mass of 2,320 kg. a) Calculate the porosity of the sand. b) Calculate the mass (in kg) of the sand for the following degrees of saturation: 25 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent. Part 3: A sample of quartz sand has a dry mass of 753.7 kg and a volume of 0.36 m³. a) Calculate the porosity of the sand. b) Calculate the mass (in kg) of the sand assuming a degree of saturation equal to 62 percent.arrow_forwardWhat is an oxbow lake and how is it formed?arrow_forwardFor the past 3 million years the earth has experienced glacial-interglacial cycles at regular intervals that coincide with the Milankovitch Cycles. Please briefly describe the three Milankovitch Cycles and their timescales. What is the leading theory for why the timing of glacial-interglacial cycles is connected to these Milankovitch Cycles?arrow_forward
- Why do waterfalls move backwards over time? In your explanation, please use the term “nickpoint”?arrow_forwardThe picture below is of the Kaskawulsh Glacier in Yukon, Canada. What is the name of the type of feature that the red arrows are pointing to in the middle of the glacier and how are these features formed? In your answer please also define the term lateral moraine and how lateral moraines relate to the feature with the red arrows?arrow_forwardit was stated that one major effect of rivers is to flatten out the continents. How do rivers flatten continents?arrow_forward
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science ...Earth ScienceISBN:9780134746241Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. TasaPublisher:PEARSON
Exercises for Weather & Climate (9th Edition)Earth ScienceISBN:9780134041360Author:Greg CarbonePublisher:PEARSON
Environmental ScienceEarth ScienceISBN:9781260153125Author:William P Cunningham Prof., Mary Ann Cunningham ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Earth Science (15th Edition)Earth ScienceISBN:9780134543536Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. TasaPublisher:PEARSON
Environmental Science (MindTap Course List)Earth ScienceISBN:9781337569613Author:G. Tyler Miller, Scott SpoolmanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Physical GeologyEarth ScienceISBN:9781259916823Author:Plummer, Charles C., CARLSON, Diane H., Hammersley, LisaPublisher:Mcgraw-hill Education,