Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is $3+$.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^1$. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as $A{l}^{3+}$.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of $+3$ on its ion.

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is $1-$.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^5$. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as $C{l}^{1-}$.

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of $-1$ on its ion.

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis $2+$.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^2$. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as $M{g}^{2+}$.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is $1+$.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^1$. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as $N{a}^{+}$.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of $+1$ on it.

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is $2-$.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^4$. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as $S^{2-}$.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of $-2$ on its ion.

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis $1-$ or 1+

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is $1s^1$. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as $H^{+}$. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and $+1$ on their ions.