For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained. Concept Introduction: Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond . Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction. Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction. Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it. Stability of carbocation: Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 30CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 30CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 30CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Expert Solution & Answer

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See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 30CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 7.9, Problem 30CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Answer 6

Chapter 7.9, Problem 30CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Answer 7

Chapter 7.9, Problem 30CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given pair of compounds, solvolysis process has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to neutral nucleophile in substitution reaction.

Solvolysis: The reaction is defined as solvolysis reaction if solvent acts as nucleophile in the given reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Stability of carbocation:

Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 3PTS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 4ATS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2LTS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 5PTS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 6ATS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 8CC

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