How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise. Introduction: The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH 2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.7, Problem 15SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise.

Introduction:

The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The energy source for muscle tissues are products of anaerobic as well aerobic respiration, which provide energy for short-term exercise. The oxidation of fatty acids, provide energy to the muscle tissues for long-term exercise.

Anaerobic respiration: The anaerobic source of energy for muscle tissues is lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid from pyruvate releases energy in the form of ATP . The lactic acid along with ATP are utilized by the muscle tissues.

Aerobic respiration: The aerobic source of energy for muscle tissue is generation of ATP is the electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is a larger amount of ATP, which is utilized by the various tissues of the body.

Beta oxidation: The breakdown of triacylglycerol inside the cells, leads to the formation of glycerol and fatty acids. These fatty acids so formed, are further shortened by a series of reactions. This shortening of fatty acids results in sequential removal of two carbon units from their ends. This process is called beta oxidation, and the products of this process are NADH and FADH2 . These products are responsible for providing electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This is the reason, beta oxidation of fatty acids provide energy for long term exercise.

Conclusion

ATP in the muscle cells is generated during exercise by lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and beta oxidation.

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10. Your instructor will give you 2 amino acids during the activity session (video 2-7. A. First color all the polar and non-polar covalent bonds in the R groups of your 2 amino acids using the same colors as in #7. Do not color the bonds in the backbone of each amino acid. B. Next, color where all the hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds could occur in the R group of each amino acid. Use the same colors as in #7. Do not color the bonds in the backbone of each amino acid. C. Position the two amino acids on the page below in an orientation where the two R groups could bond together. Once you are satisfied, staple or tape the amino acids in place and label the bond that you formed between the two R groups. - Polar covalent Bond - Red - Non polar Covalent boND- yellow - Ionic BonD - PINK Hydrogen Bonn - Purple Hydrophobic interaction-green O=C-N H I. H HO H =O CH2 C-C-N HICK H HO H CH2 OH H₂N C = O

Find the dental formula and enter it in the following format: I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 = 42 (this is not the correct number, just the correct format) Please be aware: the upper jaw is intact (all teeth are present). The bottom jaw/mandible is not intact. The front teeth should include 6 total rectangular teeth (3 on each side) and 2 total large triangular teeth (1 on each side).

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.7, Problem 15SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise.

Introduction:

The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The energy source for muscle tissues are products of anaerobic as well aerobic respiration, which provide energy for short-term exercise. The oxidation of fatty acids, provide energy to the muscle tissues for long-term exercise.

Anaerobic respiration: The anaerobic source of energy for muscle tissues is lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid from pyruvate releases energy in the form of ATP . The lactic acid along with ATP are utilized by the muscle tissues.

Aerobic respiration: The aerobic source of energy for muscle tissue is generation of ATP is the electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is a larger amount of ATP, which is utilized by the various tissues of the body.

Beta oxidation: The breakdown of triacylglycerol inside the cells, leads to the formation of glycerol and fatty acids. These fatty acids so formed, are further shortened by a series of reactions. This shortening of fatty acids results in sequential removal of two carbon units from their ends. This process is called beta oxidation, and the products of this process are NADH and FADH2 . These products are responsible for providing electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This is the reason, beta oxidation of fatty acids provide energy for long term exercise.

Conclusion

ATP in the muscle cells is generated during exercise by lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and beta oxidation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.7, Problem 15SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise.

Introduction:

The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The energy source for muscle tissues are products of anaerobic as well aerobic respiration, which provide energy for short-term exercise. The oxidation of fatty acids, provide energy to the muscle tissues for long-term exercise.

Anaerobic respiration: The anaerobic source of energy for muscle tissues is lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid from pyruvate releases energy in the form of ATP . The lactic acid along with ATP are utilized by the muscle tissues.

Aerobic respiration: The aerobic source of energy for muscle tissue is generation of ATP is the electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is a larger amount of ATP, which is utilized by the various tissues of the body.

Beta oxidation: The breakdown of triacylglycerol inside the cells, leads to the formation of glycerol and fatty acids. These fatty acids so formed, are further shortened by a series of reactions. This shortening of fatty acids results in sequential removal of two carbon units from their ends. This process is called beta oxidation, and the products of this process are NADH and FADH2 . These products are responsible for providing electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This is the reason, beta oxidation of fatty acids provide energy for long term exercise.

Conclusion

ATP in the muscle cells is generated during exercise by lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and beta oxidation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.7, Problem 15SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise.

Introduction:

The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The energy source for muscle tissues are products of anaerobic as well aerobic respiration, which provide energy for short-term exercise. The oxidation of fatty acids, provide energy to the muscle tissues for long-term exercise.

Anaerobic respiration: The anaerobic source of energy for muscle tissues is lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid from pyruvate releases energy in the form of ATP . The lactic acid along with ATP are utilized by the muscle tissues.

Aerobic respiration: The aerobic source of energy for muscle tissue is generation of ATP is the electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is a larger amount of ATP, which is utilized by the various tissues of the body.

Beta oxidation: The breakdown of triacylglycerol inside the cells, leads to the formation of glycerol and fatty acids. These fatty acids so formed, are further shortened by a series of reactions. This shortening of fatty acids results in sequential removal of two carbon units from their ends. This process is called beta oxidation, and the products of this process are NADH and FADH2 . These products are responsible for providing electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This is the reason, beta oxidation of fatty acids provide energy for long term exercise.

Conclusion

ATP in the muscle cells is generated during exercise by lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and beta oxidation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7.7, Problem 15SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise.

Introduction:

The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The energy source for muscle tissues are products of anaerobic as well aerobic respiration, which provide energy for short-term exercise. The oxidation of fatty acids, provide energy to the muscle tissues for long-term exercise.

Anaerobic respiration: The anaerobic source of energy for muscle tissues is lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid from pyruvate releases energy in the form of ATP . The lactic acid along with ATP are utilized by the muscle tissues.

Aerobic respiration: The aerobic source of energy for muscle tissue is generation of ATP is the electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is a larger amount of ATP, which is utilized by the various tissues of the body.

Beta oxidation: The breakdown of triacylglycerol inside the cells, leads to the formation of glycerol and fatty acids. These fatty acids so formed, are further shortened by a series of reactions. This shortening of fatty acids results in sequential removal of two carbon units from their ends. This process is called beta oxidation, and the products of this process are NADH and FADH2 . These products are responsible for providing electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This is the reason, beta oxidation of fatty acids provide energy for long term exercise.

Conclusion

ATP in the muscle cells is generated during exercise by lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and beta oxidation.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.7, Problem 15SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise.

Introduction:

The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The energy source for muscle tissues are products of anaerobic as well aerobic respiration, which provide energy for short-term exercise. The oxidation of fatty acids, provide energy to the muscle tissues for long-term exercise.

Anaerobic respiration: The anaerobic source of energy for muscle tissues is lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid from pyruvate releases energy in the form of ATP . The lactic acid along with ATP are utilized by the muscle tissues.

Aerobic respiration: The aerobic source of energy for muscle tissue is generation of ATP is the electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is a larger amount of ATP, which is utilized by the various tissues of the body.

Beta oxidation: The breakdown of triacylglycerol inside the cells, leads to the formation of glycerol and fatty acids. These fatty acids so formed, are further shortened by a series of reactions. This shortening of fatty acids results in sequential removal of two carbon units from their ends. This process is called beta oxidation, and the products of this process are NADH and FADH2 . These products are responsible for providing electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This is the reason, beta oxidation of fatty acids provide energy for long term exercise.

Conclusion

ATP in the muscle cells is generated during exercise by lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and beta oxidation.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.7, Problem 15SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How muscle tissue generates ATP during short-term and long-term exercise.

Introduction:

The transfer of hydrogen ion through a proton pump generates an electrochemical gradient of protons, called a proton gradient. This proton gradient, also known as proton motive force is responsible for the conversion of ADP to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The energy source for muscle tissues are products of anaerobic as well aerobic respiration, which provide energy for short-term exercise. The oxidation of fatty acids, provide energy to the muscle tissues for long-term exercise.

Anaerobic respiration: The anaerobic source of energy for muscle tissues is lactic acid fermentation. The production of lactic acid from pyruvate releases energy in the form of ATP . The lactic acid along with ATP are utilized by the muscle tissues.

Aerobic respiration: The aerobic source of energy for muscle tissue is generation of ATP is the electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is a larger amount of ATP, which is utilized by the various tissues of the body.

Beta oxidation: The breakdown of triacylglycerol inside the cells, leads to the formation of glycerol and fatty acids. These fatty acids so formed, are further shortened by a series of reactions. This shortening of fatty acids results in sequential removal of two carbon units from their ends. This process is called beta oxidation, and the products of this process are NADH and FADH2 . These products are responsible for providing electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This is the reason, beta oxidation of fatty acids provide energy for long term exercise.