(a) Interpretation: The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp 3 hybrid orbitals needs to be determined. Concept introduction: Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals. The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX m E n , A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A n = number of unshared electron pairs. The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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MISSED THIS? Read Section 19.9 (Pages 878-881); Watch IWE 19.10 Consider the following reaction: CH3OH(g) CO(g) + 2H2(g) (Note that AG,CH3OH(g) = -162.3 kJ/mol and AG,co(g)=-137.2 kJ/mol.) Part A Calculate AG for this reaction at 25 °C under the following conditions: PCH₂OH Pco PH2 0.815 atm = 0.140 atm 0.170 atm Express your answer in kilojoules to three significant figures. Ο ΑΣΦ AG = -150 Submit Previous Answers Request Answer □? kJ × Incorrect; Try Again; 2 attempts remaining Calculate the free energy change under nonstandard conditions (AGrxn) by using the following relationship: AGrxn = AGrxn + RTInQ, AGxn+RTInQ, where AGxn is the standard free energy change, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature in kelvins, a is the reaction quotient. Provide Feedback Next >

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 18

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Answer 19

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Solution Summary: The author explains the formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp 3 hybrid orbitals.

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