Problem 7.1QP: What is a wave? Explain the following terms associated with waves: wavelength, frequency, amplitude. Problem 7.2QP: What are the units for wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves? What is the speed of light... Problem 7.3QP: List the types of electromagnetic radiation, starting with the radiation having the longest... Problem 7.4QP: Give the high and low wavelength values that define the visible region of the electromagnetic... Problem 7.5QP: Briefly explain Plancks quantum theory and explain what a quantum is. What are the units for Plancks... Problem 7.6QP Problem 7.7QP: (a) What is the wavelength (in nm) of light having a frequency of 8.6 1013 Hz? (b) What is the... Problem 7.8QP: (a) What is the frequency of light having a wavelength of 456 nm? (b) What is the wavelength (in nm)... Problem 7.9QP Problem 7.10QP: How many minutes would it take a radio wave to travel from the planet Venus to Earth? (Average... Problem 7.11QP: The SI unit of time is the second, which is defined as 9,192,631,770 cycles of radiation associated... Problem 7.12QP Problem 7.13QP: What are photons? What role did Einsteins explanation of the photoelectric effect play in the... Problem 7.14QP: Consider the plots shown here for the photoelectric effect of two different metals A (blue line) and... Problem 7.15QP: A photon has a wavelength of 624 nm. Calculate the energy of the photon in joules. Problem 7.16QP: The blue color of the sky results from the scattering of sunlight by air molecules. The blue light... Problem 7.17QP: A photon has a frequency of 6.0 104 Hz. (a) Convert this frequency into wavelength (nm). Does this... Problem 7.18QP: What is the wavelength, in nm, of radiation that has an energy content of 1.0 103 kJ/mol? In which... Problem 7.19QP: When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons, X rays are emitted. Calculate the energy (in... Problem 7.20QP: A particular form of electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of 8.11 1014 Hz. (a) What is its... Problem 7.21QP: The work function of potassium is 3.68 1019 J. (a) What is the minimum frequency of light needed to... Problem 7.22QP: When light of frequency equal to 2.11 1015 s1 shines on the surface of gold metal, the kinetic... Problem 7.23QP: (a) What is an energy level? Explain the difference between ground state and excited state. (b) What... Problem 7.24QP Problem 7.25QP: Explain why elements produce their own characteristic colors when they emit photons. Problem 7.26QP Problem 7.27QP Problem 7.28QP: Explain how astronomers are able to tell which elements are present in distant stars by analyzing... Problem 7.29QP: Consider the following energy levels of a hypothetical atom: E4_________ 1.0 1019 J E3_________ 5.0... Problem 7.30QP Problem 7.31QP: Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a photon emitted by a hydrogen atom when its electron drops from... Problem 7.32QP: Calculate the frequency (Hz) and wavelength (nm) of the emitted photon when an electron drops from... Problem 7.33QP Problem 7.34QP: An electron in the hydrogen atom makes a transition from an energy state of principal quantum... Problem 7.35QP: Explain the statement, Matter and radiation have a dual nature. Problem 7.36QP: How does de Broglies hypothesis account for the fact that the energies of the electron in a hydrogen... Problem 7.37QP: Why is Equation (7.8) meaningful only for submicroscopic particles, such as electrons and atoms, and... Problem 7.38QP: (a) If a H atom and a He atom are traveling at the same speed, what will be the relative wavelengths... Problem 7.39QP Problem 7.40QP: Protons can be accelerated to speeds near that of light in particle accelerators. Estimate the... Problem 7.41QP: What is the de Broglie wavelength, in centimeters, of a 12.4-g hummingbird flying at 1.20 102 mph?... Problem 7.42QP: What is the de Broglie wavelength (in nm) associated with a 2.5-g Ping-Pong ball traveling 35 mph? Problem 7.43QP: What are the inadequacies of Bohrs theory? Problem 7.44QP: What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? What is the Schrdinger equation? Problem 7.45QP Problem 7.46QP: How is the concept of electron density used to describe the position of an electron in the quantum... Problem 7.47QP Problem 7.48QP: Which quantum number defines a shell? Which quantum numbers define a subshell? Problem 7.49QP: Which of the following orbitals do not exist: 1p, 2s, 2d, 3p, 3d, 3f, 4g? Problem 7.50QP: Which of the four quantum numbers (n, , m, ms) determine (a) the energy of an electron in a hydrogen... Problem 7.51QP Problem 7.52QP: An electron in an atom is in the n = 3 quantum level. List the possible values of and m that it can... Problem 7.53QP: Give the values of the quantum numbers associated with the following orbitals: (a) 2p, (b) 3s, (c)... Problem 7.54QP: Give the values of the four quantum numbers of an electron in the following orbitals: (a) 3s, (b)... Problem 7.55QP Problem 7.56QP: List all the possible subshells and orbitals associated with the principal quantum number n, if n =... Problem 7.57QP: What is an atomic orbital? How does an atomic orbital differ from an orbit? Problem 7.58QP: Describe the shapes of s, p, and d orbitals. How are these orbitals related to the quantum numbers... Problem 7.59QP: List the hydrogen orbitals in increasing order of energy. Problem 7.60QP: Why is a boundary surface diagram useful in representing an atomic orbital? Problem 7.61QP Problem 7.62QP: What is the difference between a 2px and a 2py orbital? Problem 7.63QP: Calculate the total number of electrons that can occupy (a) one s orbital, (b) three p orbitals, (c)... Problem 7.64QP Problem 7.65QP Problem 7.66QP: Indicate the total number of (a) p electrons in N (Z = 7), (b) s electrons in Si (Z = 14), and (c)... Problem 7.67QP: Make a chart of all allowable orbitals in the first four principal energy levels of the hydrogen... Problem 7.68QP: Why do the 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals have the same energy in a hydrogen atom but different energies in... Problem 7.69QP: For each of the following pairs of hydrogen orbitals, indicate which is higher in energy: (a) 1s,... Problem 7.70QP: Which orbital in each of the following pairs is lower in energy in a many-electron atom? (a) 2s, 2p;... Problem 7.71QP: What is electron configuration? Describe the roles that the Pauli exclusion principle and Hunds rule... Problem 7.72QP Problem 7.73QP Problem 7.74QP: What is meant by the term shielding of electrons in an atom? Using the Li atom as an example,... Problem 7.75QP: Indicate which of the following sets of quantum numbers in an atom are unacceptable and explain why:... Problem 7.76QP: The ground-state electron configurations listed here are incorrect. Explain what mistakes have been... Problem 7.77QP: The atomic number of an element is 73. Is this element diamagnetic or paramagnetic? Problem 7.78QP: Indicate the number of unpaired electrons present in each of the following atoms: B, Ne, P, Sc, Mn,... Problem 7.79QP: State the Aufbau principle and explain the role it plays in classifying the elements in the periodic... Problem 7.80QP Problem 7.81QP: What is the noble gas core? How does it simplify the writing of electron configurations? Problem 7.82QP: What are the group and period of the element osmium? Problem 7.83QP Problem 7.84QP: Explain why the ground-state electron configurations of Cr and Cu are different from what we might... Problem 7.85QP Problem 7.86QP: Comment on the correctness of the following statement: The probability of finding two electrons with... Problem 7.87QP Problem 7.88QP: Use the Aufbau principle to obtain the ground-state electron configuration of technetium. Problem 7.89QP Problem 7.90QP Problem 7.91QP: The electron configuration of a neutral atom is 1s22s22p63s2. Write a complete set of quantum... Problem 7.92QP: Which of the following species has the most unpaired electrons: S+, S, or S? Explain how you arrive... Problem 7.93QP: A sample tube consisted of atomic hydrogens in their ground state. A student illuminated the atoms... Problem 7.94QP: A laser produces a beam of light with a wavelength of 532 nm. If the power output is 25.0 mW, how... Problem 7.95QP: When a compound containing cesium ion is heated in a Bunsen burner flame, photons with an energy of... Problem 7.96QP Problem 7.97QP Problem 7.98QP Problem 7.99QP: Identify the following individuals and their contributions to the development of quantum theory:... Problem 7.100QP: What properties of electrons are used in the operation of an electron microscope? Problem 7.102QP: A certain pitchers fastballs have been clocked at about 100 mph. (a) Calculate the wavelength of a... Problem 7.103QP: A student carried out a photoelectric experiment by shining visible light on a clean piece of cesium... Problem 7.104QP: (a) What is the lowest possible value of the principal quantum number (n) when the angular momentum... Problem 7.105QP: Considering only the ground-state electron configuration, are there more diamagnetic or paramagnetic... Problem 7.106QP: A ruby laser produces radiation of wavelength 633 nm in pulses whose duration is 1.00 109 s. (a) If... Problem 7.107QP: A 368-g sample of water absorbs infrared radiation at 1.06 104 nm from a carbon dioxide laser.... Problem 7.108QP: Photodissociation of water H2O(l)+hvH2(g)+12O2(g) has been suggested as a source of hydrogen. The... Problem 7.109QP Problem 7.110QP: An atom moving at its root-mean-square speed at 20C has a wavelength of 3.28 1011 m. Identify the... Problem 7.111QP Problem 7.112QP: The He+ ion contains only one electron and is therefore a hydrogenlike ion. Calculate the... Problem 7.113QP: Ozone (O3) in the stratosphere absorbs the harmful radiation from the sun by undergoing... Problem 7.114QP: The retina of a human eye can detect light when radiant energy incident on it is at least 4.0 1017... Problem 7.115QP: A helium atom and a xenon atom have the same kinetic energy. Calculate the ratio of the de Broglie... Problem 7.116QP Problem 7.117QP Problem 7.118QP: A photoelectric experiment was performed by separately shining a laser at 450 nm (blue light) and a... Problem 7.119QP: Draw the shapes (boundary surfaces) of the following orbitals: (a) 2py, (b) 3dz2, (c) 3dx2y2 (Show... Problem 7.120QP: The electron configurations described in this chapter all refer to gaseous atoms in their ground... Problem 7.121QP: Draw orbital diagrams for atoms with the following electron configurations: (a) 1s22s22p5 (b)... Problem 7.122QP Problem 7.123QP: Scientists have found interstellar hydrogen atoms with quantum number n in the hundreds. Calculate... Problem 7.124QP Problem 7.125QP: Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom. It is usually... Problem 7.126QP: An electron in a hydrogen atom is excited from the ground state to the n = 4 state. Comment on the... Problem 7.127QP Problem 7.128QP Problem 7.129QP Problem 7.130QP: Shown are portions of orbital diagrams representing the ground-state electron configurations of... Problem 7.131QP: The UV light that is responsible for tanning the skin falls in the 320- to 400-nm region. Calculate... Problem 7.132QP: The sun is surrounded by a white circle of gaseous material called the corona, which becomes visible... Problem 7.133QP Problem 7.134QP Problem 7.135QP Problem 7.136QP: In an electron microscope, electrons are accelerated by passing them through a voltage difference.... Problem 7.137QP Problem 7.138QP: The radioactive Co-60 isotope is used in nuclear medicine to treat certain types of cancer.... Problem 7.139QP: (a) An electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom moves at an average speed of 5 106 m/s. If... Problem 7.140QP: One wavelength in the hydrogen emission spectrum is 1280 nm. What are the initial and final states... Problem 7.141QP: Owls have good night vision because their eyes can detect a light intensity as low as 5.0 1013... Problem 7.142QP: For hydrogenlike ions, that is, ions containing only one electron, Equation (7.5). is modified as... Problem 7.143QP: When two atoms collide, some of their kinetic energy may be converted into electronic energy in one... Problem 7.144QP: Calculate the energies needed to remove an electron from the n = 1 state and the n = 5 state in the... Problem 7.145QP: The de Broglie wavelength of an accelerating proton in the Large Hadron Collider is 2.5 1014 m.... Problem 7.146QP: The minimum uncertainty in the position of a certain moving particle is equal to its de Broglie... Problem 7.147QP: According to Einsteins special theory of relativity, the mass of a moving particle, mmoving, is... Problem 7.148QP: The mathematical equation for studying the photoelectric effect is hv=W+12meu2 where v is the... Problem 7.149QP: In the beginning of the twentieth century, some scientists thought that a nucleus may contain both... Problem 7.150QP: Blackbody radiation is the term used to describe the dependence of the radiation energy emitted by... Problem 7.151QP Problem 7.152QP: The wave function for the 2s orbital in the hydrogen atom is 2s=12a03(12)e/2 where a0 is the value... Problem 7.153QP: A student placed a large unwrapped chocolate bar in a microwave oven without a rotating glass plate.... Problem 7.154QP: The wave properties of matter can generally be ignored for macroscopic objects such as tennis balls;... Problem 7.155QP: Atoms of an element have only two accessible excited states. In an emission experiment, however,... Problem 7.156QP Problem 7.157QP: Only a fraction of the electrical energy supplied to an incandescent-tungsten lightbulb is converted... Problem 7.158QP Problem 7.159QP: A typical red laser pointer has a power of 5 mW. How long would it take a red laser pointer to emit... Problem 7.160QP: Referring to the Chemistry in Action essay Quantum Dots in Section 7.9, estimate the wavelength of... format_list_bulleted
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