Let X be a normal random variable with parameters μ = 0 and σ 2 = 1 , and let I, independent of X, be such that P { I = 1 } = 1 2 = P { I = 0 } . Now define Y by Y = { X if I = 1 − X if I = 0 In words. Y is equally likely to equal either X or -X. a. Are X and Y independent? b. Are I and Y independent? c. Show that Y is normal with mean 0 and variance 1. d. Show that C o v ( X , Y ) = 0 .
Let X be a normal random variable with parameters μ = 0 and σ 2 = 1 , and let I, independent of X, be such that P { I = 1 } = 1 2 = P { I = 0 } . Now define Y by Y = { X if I = 1 − X if I = 0 In words. Y is equally likely to equal either X or -X. a. Are X and Y independent? b. Are I and Y independent? c. Show that Y is normal with mean 0 and variance 1. d. Show that C o v ( X , Y ) = 0 .
Solution Summary: The author explains that mathrmX and
Let X be a normal random variable with parameters
μ
=
0
and
σ
2
=
1
, and let I, independent of X, be such that
P
{
I
=
1
}
=
1
2
=
P
{
I
=
0
}
. Now define Y by
Y
=
{
X
if
I
=
1
−
X
if
I
=
0
In words. Y is equally likely to equal either X or -X.
a. Are X and Y independent?
b. Are I and Y independent?
c. Show that Y is normal with mean 0 and variance 1.
d. Show that
C
o
v
(
X
,
Y
)
=
0
.
Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...
When a tennis player serves, he gets two chances to serve in bounds. If he fails to do so twice, he loses the point. If he
attempts to serve an ace, he serves in bounds with probability 3/8.If he serves a lob, he serves in bounds with probability
7/8. If he serves an ace in bounds, he wins the point with probability 2/3. With an in-bounds lob, he wins the point with
probability 1/3. If the cost is '+1' for each point lost and '-1' for each point won, the problem is to determine the optimal
serving strategy to minimize the (long-run)expected average cost per point. (Hint: Let state 0 denote point over,two
serves to go on next point; and let state 1 denote one serve left.
(1). Formulate this problem as a Markov decision process by identifying the states and decisions and then finding the
Cik.
(2). Draw the corresponding state action diagram.
(3). List all possible (stationary deterministic) policies.
(4). For each policy, find the transition matrix and write an expression for the…
During each time period, a potential customer arrives at a restaurant with probability 1/2. If there are already two people
at the restaurant (including the one being served), the potential customer leaves the restaurant immediately and never
returns. However, if there is one person or less, he enters the restaurant and becomes an actual customer. The manager
has two types of service configurations available. At the beginning of each period, a decision must be made on which
configuration to use. If she uses her "slow" configuration at a cost of $3 and any customers are present during the period,
one customer will be served and leave with probability 3/5. If she uses her "fast" configuration at a cost of $9 and any
customers are present during the period, one customer will be served and leave with probability 4/5. The probability of
more than one customer arriving or more than one customer being served in a period is zero. A profit of $50 is earned
when a customer is served. The manager…
Every Saturday night a man plays poker at his home with the same group of friends. If he provides refreshments for the
group (at an expected cost of $14) on any given Saturday night, the group will begin the following Saturday night in a
good mood with probability 7/8 and in a bad mood with probability 1/8. However, if he fail to provide refreshments, the
group will begin the following Saturday night in a good mood with probability 1/8 and in a bad mood with probability
7/8 regardless of their mood this Saturday. Furthermore, if the group begins the night in a bad mood and then he fails
to provide refreshments, the group will gang up on him so that he incurs expected poker losses of $75. Under other
circumstances he averages no gain or loss on his poker play. The man wishes to find the policy regarding when to
provide refreshments that will minimize his (long-run) expected average cost per week.
(1). Formulate this problem as a Markov decision process by identifying the states and…
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