a.
Prepare the
November 20, 2018, December 31, 2018 and February 20, 2019 for the forecasted sale
and forward contract accounts.
a.
Explanation of Solution
A derivative instrument is a financial instrument or other contract with all three of the following features:
• Has one or more underlying provisions and one or more notional amounts or payment provisions or both. These terms determine the settlement or settlement amount and, in some cases, whether a settlement is necessary or not.
• It involves no initial net investment or a smaller initial net investment than would be required for other types of contracts that would be forced to respond to changes in market factors in a similar way.
• Its terms allow or warrant net settlement, it can simply be net settled through means outside the deal or it allows for the distribution of an item that places the receiver in a role not substantially different from net settlement.
All derivatives must always be calculated and published at fair value on each interim and annual financial reporting date in the
Gains and losses on fair value hedges on different types of derivatives are expressed in the statement of income offsetting losses and gains on hedged trades.
If a derivative instrument qualifies as a fair value hedge, at each statement date, both the derivative and the asset or liability to which it relates shall be reported at fair value. In the derivative financial instrument, gains or losses on the hedged assets or liabilities are offset (in whole or in part) by losses or gains.
Gains and losses on
Hedging the exposure of a recognized asset or liability or a
A futures contract is a deal to make a purchase or sale an asset at an agreed-upon price at a point in the future. Future contracts are streamlined, typically exchange-trading agreements. One partner agrees to purchase a specified set of securities or commodities, and take possession on a specific date.
A forward contract is a custom designed agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset on a future date at a specified price. For hedging or speculation a forward contract may be used, although its non-standardized nature makes it particularly suitable for hedging.
| Hedged Transaction | ||||
| Date | Account title and Explanation | Debit | Credit | |
| 20 Nov-18 | Must document hedging relationship and hedge effectiveness in accounting system. FV = 0 at inception, so no entry. | |||
| 31-Dec-18 | No entry | |||
| 20 Feb 19 | Cash | |||
| Sales | ||||
| (To record sale of inventory at spot rate) | ||||
| Plant and equipment (asset) | ||||
| Cash | ||||
| (To record the purchase of fixed assets at spot rate) | ||||
| Plant and equipment (asset) | ||||
| Hedged firm commitment (asset) | ||||
| (To reclassify the firm commitment liability to the plant and equipment account when the purchase transaction is completed) | ||||
| CF Hedge | |||||
| Date | Account title and Explanation | Debit | Credit | ||
| 20-Nov 18 | Must document hedging relationship and hedge effectiveness in accounting system. FV = 0 at inception, so no entry. | ||||
| 31-Dec-18 | OCI - Foreign currency transaction loss | ||||
| Forward contract (liability) | |||||
| (to record the increase in the value of the forward contract: [$1.22:€1 − $1.19:€1] of €540,000 = $16,200) | |||||
| 20-Feb 19 | Sales | ||||
| Forward contract (liability) | |||||
| (to record the increase in the value of the forward contract: [$1.24:€1 − $1.22:€1] of €540,000 = $10,800) | |||||
| Forward contract (liability) | |||||
| Cash | |||||
| (To record the net settlement of the forward contract) | |||||
| Sales | |||||
| AOCI - Foreign currency transaction loss | |||||
| (To record the reclassification of the AOCI FC transaction losses to sales in the period of the transaction) | |||||
b.
Compare with the forward rate at the beginning of the forward contract the net cash
received for both sale of goods and the settlement of the forward-contract derivatives.
b.
Explanation of Solution
A futures contract is a deal to make a purchase or sale an asset at an agreed-upon price at a point in the future. Future contracts are streamlined, typically exchange-trading agreements. One partner agrees to purchase a specified set of securities or commodities, and take possession on a specific date.
| Sale of goods | $669,600 |
| Settle derivative | (27,000) |
| Net cash | $642,600 |
| Forward rate of sales | $642,600 |
c.
Evaluate the amount of sales recognized in the quarter ending Dec 31, 2018; the quarter
ending Mar 31, 2019 and explain these amounts and also evaluate the total amount of
cost of goods sold recognized across the quarters ending Dec 31, 2018, and Mar 31,
2019.
c.
Explanation of Solution
A futures contract is a deal to make a purchase or sale an asset at an agreed-upon price at a point in the future. Future contracts are streamlined, typically exchange-trading agreements. One partner agrees to purchase a specified set of securities or commodities, and take possession on a specific date.
A sale is a transaction between two or more parties in which the buyer receives goods, services and/or assets that are tangible or intangible in exchange for money. Other assets will in some cases be paid to a seller.
| Sales recognized in Q4 2018: | $ |
| Sales recognized in Q1 2019: | 642,600 |
| $642,600 |
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Chapter 7 Solutions
ADVANCED ACCOUNTING
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