The normal immune response. Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To describe: The normal immune response.

Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Normal immune response

Immune response of the body starts when the pathogen enters the body. Macrophages are the first immune cells that encounter and engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis. Macrophage (antigen presenting cells) displays the phagocytosed fragments of the antigen on its cell surface. T-helper cells which have the specific TCR (T-cell receptors) bind with the phagocytosed antigen. This bond causes the release of interleukin-1 molecules from the macrophages and interleukin-2 from the T-helper cells.

The secretion of interleukin-2 initiates the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells, proliferation, and secretion of antibody from the B-cells.

Here onwards, the immune response follows two different paths that are mediated by two different cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell/ cell-mediated immunity
The displayed antigen activates and initiates the proliferation of specific cytotoxic T cells and thus, it produces the defensive chemicals such as perforin, granulysin (creates pores in the infected cell’s plasma membrane), and granzymes (to trigger apoptosis in the infected cell).
B-cell/ humoral-mediated immunity
B cells are activated by the activity of T-helper cells and get differentiated into the plasma and memory cells. Plasma effector cells effectively secrete an array of antibodies that circulate toward the site of infection, binds with it, and destroys all the antigens. The memory cells remain in the body to elicit the immediate immune response when the same antigen enters the body for the second time.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Describe the presumptive signs, probable signs, and positive signs of pregnancy.

true or false high doses of supplemental vitamin D have been shown to cause birth defects/

true or false children who are brestfed should receive vitamin D supplements?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To describe: The normal immune response.

Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Normal immune response

Immune response of the body starts when the pathogen enters the body. Macrophages are the first immune cells that encounter and engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis. Macrophage (antigen presenting cells) displays the phagocytosed fragments of the antigen on its cell surface. T-helper cells which have the specific TCR (T-cell receptors) bind with the phagocytosed antigen. This bond causes the release of interleukin-1 molecules from the macrophages and interleukin-2 from the T-helper cells.

The secretion of interleukin-2 initiates the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells, proliferation, and secretion of antibody from the B-cells.

Here onwards, the immune response follows two different paths that are mediated by two different cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell/ cell-mediated immunity
The displayed antigen activates and initiates the proliferation of specific cytotoxic T cells and thus, it produces the defensive chemicals such as perforin, granulysin (creates pores in the infected cell’s plasma membrane), and granzymes (to trigger apoptosis in the infected cell).
B-cell/ humoral-mediated immunity
B cells are activated by the activity of T-helper cells and get differentiated into the plasma and memory cells. Plasma effector cells effectively secrete an array of antibodies that circulate toward the site of infection, binds with it, and destroys all the antigens. The memory cells remain in the body to elicit the immediate immune response when the same antigen enters the body for the second time.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To describe: The normal immune response.

Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Normal immune response

Immune response of the body starts when the pathogen enters the body. Macrophages are the first immune cells that encounter and engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis. Macrophage (antigen presenting cells) displays the phagocytosed fragments of the antigen on its cell surface. T-helper cells which have the specific TCR (T-cell receptors) bind with the phagocytosed antigen. This bond causes the release of interleukin-1 molecules from the macrophages and interleukin-2 from the T-helper cells.

The secretion of interleukin-2 initiates the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells, proliferation, and secretion of antibody from the B-cells.

Here onwards, the immune response follows two different paths that are mediated by two different cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell/ cell-mediated immunity
The displayed antigen activates and initiates the proliferation of specific cytotoxic T cells and thus, it produces the defensive chemicals such as perforin, granulysin (creates pores in the infected cell’s plasma membrane), and granzymes (to trigger apoptosis in the infected cell).
B-cell/ humoral-mediated immunity
B cells are activated by the activity of T-helper cells and get differentiated into the plasma and memory cells. Plasma effector cells effectively secrete an array of antibodies that circulate toward the site of infection, binds with it, and destroys all the antigens. The memory cells remain in the body to elicit the immediate immune response when the same antigen enters the body for the second time.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To describe: The normal immune response.

Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Normal immune response

Immune response of the body starts when the pathogen enters the body. Macrophages are the first immune cells that encounter and engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis. Macrophage (antigen presenting cells) displays the phagocytosed fragments of the antigen on its cell surface. T-helper cells which have the specific TCR (T-cell receptors) bind with the phagocytosed antigen. This bond causes the release of interleukin-1 molecules from the macrophages and interleukin-2 from the T-helper cells.

The secretion of interleukin-2 initiates the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells, proliferation, and secretion of antibody from the B-cells.

Here onwards, the immune response follows two different paths that are mediated by two different cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell/ cell-mediated immunity
The displayed antigen activates and initiates the proliferation of specific cytotoxic T cells and thus, it produces the defensive chemicals such as perforin, granulysin (creates pores in the infected cell’s plasma membrane), and granzymes (to trigger apoptosis in the infected cell).
B-cell/ humoral-mediated immunity
B cells are activated by the activity of T-helper cells and get differentiated into the plasma and memory cells. Plasma effector cells effectively secrete an array of antibodies that circulate toward the site of infection, binds with it, and destroys all the antigens. The memory cells remain in the body to elicit the immediate immune response when the same antigen enters the body for the second time.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To describe: The normal immune response.

Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Normal immune response

Immune response of the body starts when the pathogen enters the body. Macrophages are the first immune cells that encounter and engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis. Macrophage (antigen presenting cells) displays the phagocytosed fragments of the antigen on its cell surface. T-helper cells which have the specific TCR (T-cell receptors) bind with the phagocytosed antigen. This bond causes the release of interleukin-1 molecules from the macrophages and interleukin-2 from the T-helper cells.

The secretion of interleukin-2 initiates the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells, proliferation, and secretion of antibody from the B-cells.

Here onwards, the immune response follows two different paths that are mediated by two different cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell/ cell-mediated immunity
The displayed antigen activates and initiates the proliferation of specific cytotoxic T cells and thus, it produces the defensive chemicals such as perforin, granulysin (creates pores in the infected cell’s plasma membrane), and granzymes (to trigger apoptosis in the infected cell).
B-cell/ humoral-mediated immunity
B cells are activated by the activity of T-helper cells and get differentiated into the plasma and memory cells. Plasma effector cells effectively secrete an array of antibodies that circulate toward the site of infection, binds with it, and destroys all the antigens. The memory cells remain in the body to elicit the immediate immune response when the same antigen enters the body for the second time.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To describe: The normal immune response.

Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Normal immune response

Immune response of the body starts when the pathogen enters the body. Macrophages are the first immune cells that encounter and engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis. Macrophage (antigen presenting cells) displays the phagocytosed fragments of the antigen on its cell surface. T-helper cells which have the specific TCR (T-cell receptors) bind with the phagocytosed antigen. This bond causes the release of interleukin-1 molecules from the macrophages and interleukin-2 from the T-helper cells.

The secretion of interleukin-2 initiates the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells, proliferation, and secretion of antibody from the B-cells.

Here onwards, the immune response follows two different paths that are mediated by two different cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell/ cell-mediated immunity
The displayed antigen activates and initiates the proliferation of specific cytotoxic T cells and thus, it produces the defensive chemicals such as perforin, granulysin (creates pores in the infected cell’s plasma membrane), and granzymes (to trigger apoptosis in the infected cell).
B-cell/ humoral-mediated immunity
B cells are activated by the activity of T-helper cells and get differentiated into the plasma and memory cells. Plasma effector cells effectively secrete an array of antibodies that circulate toward the site of infection, binds with it, and destroys all the antigens. The memory cells remain in the body to elicit the immediate immune response when the same antigen enters the body for the second time.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To describe: The normal immune response.

Concept introduction: A complex network of cells, tissue, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight against the pathogens or foreign substances are called the immune system. Immune cells are the cells that actively participate in the defense mechanism initiated by the immune systems.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Normal immune response

Immune response of the body starts when the pathogen enters the body. Macrophages are the first immune cells that encounter and engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis. Macrophage (antigen presenting cells) displays the phagocytosed fragments of the antigen on its cell surface. T-helper cells which have the specific TCR (T-cell receptors) bind with the phagocytosed antigen. This bond causes the release of interleukin-1 molecules from the macrophages and interleukin-2 from the T-helper cells.

The secretion of interleukin-2 initiates the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells, proliferation, and secretion of antibody from the B-cells.

Here onwards, the immune response follows two different paths that are mediated by two different cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell/ cell-mediated immunity
The displayed antigen activates and initiates the proliferation of specific cytotoxic T cells and thus, it produces the defensive chemicals such as perforin, granulysin (creates pores in the infected cell’s plasma membrane), and granzymes (to trigger apoptosis in the infected cell).
B-cell/ humoral-mediated immunity
B cells are activated by the activity of T-helper cells and get differentiated into the plasma and memory cells. Plasma effector cells effectively secrete an array of antibodies that circulate toward the site of infection, binds with it, and destroys all the antigens. The memory cells remain in the body to elicit the immediate immune response when the same antigen enters the body for the second time.