Explanation Genetically modified (or GM) plants have attracted a large amount of media attention in recent years and continue to do so. Despite this, the general public remains largely unaware of what a GM plant actually is or what advantages and disadvantages the technology has to offer, particularly with regard to the range of applications for which they can be used. To facilitate the transformation process, a selectable marker gene conferring, for example, resistance to an antibiotic is often co-transferred with the gene of interest to allow discrimination of GM tissue and regeneration of GM plants. Critics of the technology have stated that there is a risk of the spread of antibiotic resistance to the bacterial population either in the soil or in the human gut after ingestion of GM food. However, these antibiotic resistance genes were initially isolated from bacteria and are already widespread in the bacterial population. Studies have concluded that the probability of transmission of antibiotic resistance from plants to bacteria is extremely low and that the hazard occurring from any such transfer is, at worst, slight. Nevertheless, other selection strategies that do not rely on antibiotic resistance have been developed, and procedures to eliminate the selectable marker from the plant genome once its purpose has been fulfilled have also been designed The second aspect of the plant transformation procedure that has been criticized is that unnecessary DNA is transferred into the plant genome as a consequence of the engineering and transfer process. Of course, there is no reason that DNA should be harmful, as it is consumed by humans in all foods, but again plant technologists have responded to the criticism by designing ‘minimal cassettes’ in which only the gene of interest is transferred into the plant Finally, it has been claimed that GM plants carry more mutations than their untransformed counterparts as a result of the production method. Genome-wide mutations may be produced by the tissue culture process, generating so called soma clonal variation, and endogenous DNA rearrangements may occur around the integrated transgene. It is described as it must be emphasized that GM crops grown to date have been produced under rigorous regulatory frameworks, and have been extensively safety tested prior to commercialization. However, as described in this report, it must be emphasized that GM crops grown to date have been produced under rigorous regulatory frameworks, and have been extensively safety tested prior to commercialization...

Using & Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach (7th Edition)

7th Edition

ISBN: 9780134715919

Author: Bennett

Publisher: PEARSON

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Chapter 6.D, Problem 51E

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To see if genetically modified food is safe for human consumption and for environment and describe it as an example of hypothesis test.

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Chapter 6.D, Problem 50E

Chapter 6.D, Problem 52E

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7. [10 marks] Let G = (V,E) be a 3-connected graph. We prove that for every x, y, z Є V, there is a cycle in G on which x, y, and z all lie. (a) First prove that there are two internally disjoint xy-paths Po and P₁. (b) If z is on either Po or P₁, then combining Po and P₁ produces a cycle on which x, y, and z all lie. So assume that z is not on Po and not on P₁. Now prove that there are three paths Qo, Q1, and Q2 such that: ⚫each Qi starts at z; • each Qi ends at a vertex w; that is on Po or on P₁, where wo, w₁, and w₂ are distinct; the paths Qo, Q1, Q2 are disjoint from each other (except at the start vertex 2) and are disjoint from the paths Po and P₁ (except at the end vertices wo, W1, and w₂). (c) Use paths Po, P₁, Qo, Q1, and Q2 to prove that there is a cycle on which x, y, and z all lie. (To do this, notice that two of the w; must be on the same Pj.)

Chapter 6 Solutions

Using & Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach (7th Edition)

Ch. 6.A - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.A - On an astronomy exam, 20 students score below 79...Ch. 6.A - One hundred students take a chemistry exam. All...Ch. 6.A - Twenty students take a political science exam....Ch. 6.A - A survey asks students to state many sodas they...Ch. 6.A - Among professional actors, a small number of...Ch. 6.A - The distribution of wages at a company is...Ch. 6.A - Compared to a distribution with a broad central...Ch. 6.A - If you compared the distribution of weights of 20...Ch. 6.A - The mayor of a town is considering a run for...

Ch. 6.A - 1. Define and distinguish among mean, median, and...Ch. 6.A - Prob. 2E Ch. 6.A - Briefly describe at least two possible sources of...Ch. 6.A - Prob. 4E Ch. 6.A - Prob. 5E Ch. 6.A - Prob. 6E Ch. 6.A - In my data set of 10 exam scores, the mean turned...Ch. 6.A - In my data set of 10 exam scores, the median...Ch. 6.A - I made a distribution of 15 apartment rents in my...Ch. 6.A - Two extremely tall people skewed the distribution...Ch. 6.A - The distribution of grades was left-skewed, but...Ch. 6.A - There’s much more variation in the ages of the...Ch. 6.A - 13-18: Mean, Median, and Mode. Compute the mean,...Ch. 6.A - Mean, Median, and Mode. Compute the mean, median,...Ch. 6.A - Mean, Median, and Mode. Compute the mean, median,...Ch. 6.A - Mean, Median, and Mode. Compute the mean, median,...Ch. 6.A - 13–18: Mean, Median, and Mode. Compute the mean,...Ch. 6.A - 13-18: Mean, Median, and Mode. Compute the mean,...Ch. 6.A - Outlier Coke. Cans of Coca-Cola vary slightly in...Ch. 6.A - 20. Margin of Victory. The following data give the...Ch. 6.A - Appropriate Average. For each of the following...Ch. 6.A - 21-26: Appropriate Average. For each of the...Ch. 6.A - 21-26: Appropriate Average. For each of the...Ch. 6.A - 21-26: Appropriate Average. For each of the...Ch. 6.A - 21-26: Appropriate Average. For each of the...Ch. 6.A - 21-26: Appropriate Average. For each of the...Ch. 6.A - 27-34: Describing Distributions Consider the...Ch. 6.A - Describing Distributions. Consider the following...Ch. 6.A - 27-34: Describing Distributions Consider the...Ch. 6.A - Describing Distributions. Consider the following...Ch. 6.A - 27-34: Describing Distributions Consider the...Ch. 6.A - Describing Distributions. Consider the following...Ch. 6.A - Prob. 33E Ch. 6.A - Describing Distributions. Consider the following...Ch. 6.A - Prob. 35E Ch. 6.A - 35-36: Understanding Distributions. For the given...Ch. 6.A - Smooth Distributions. Through each histogram, draw...Ch. 6.A - Smooth Distributions. For each histogram, draw a...Ch. 6.A - Smooth Distributions. For each histogram, draw a...Ch. 6.A - Prob. 40E Ch. 6.A - Family Income. Suppose you study family income in...Ch. 6.A - Airline Delays. Suppose you are a scheduler for a...Ch. 6.A - Weighted Means. We often deal with weighted means,...Ch. 6.A - Weighted Means. We often deal with weighted means,...Ch. 6.A - Prob. 45E Ch. 6.A - Prob. 46E Ch. 6.A - Prob. 47E Ch. 6.A - Prob. 48E Ch. 6.A - 50. Daily Averages. Cite three examples of...Ch. 6.A - 51. Distributions in the News. Find three recent...Ch. 6.A - Answer the following questions using procedures...Ch. 6.A - Prob. 52E Ch. 6.A - 53. StatCrunch Project. Choose a data set...Ch. 6.B - The lowest score on an exam was 62, the median...Ch. 6.B - Which of the following is not part of a...Ch. 6.B - The lower quartile for hourly wages at a coffee...Ch. 6.B - Is it possible for a distribution to have a mean...Ch. 6.B - Suppose you are given the mean and just one data...Ch. 6.B - The standard deviation is best described as a...Ch. 6.B - What type of data distribution has a negative...Ch. 6.B - In any distribution, it is always true that a. the...Ch. 6.B - Which data set would you expect to have the...Ch. 6.B - Professors Smith, Jones, and Garcia all got the...Ch. 6.B - Consider two grocery stores at which the mean time...Ch. 6.B - Describe how we define and calculate the range of...Ch. 6.B - Prob. 3E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 4E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 5E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 6E Ch. 6.B - The distributions of scores on two exams had the...Ch. 6.B - The highest exam score was in the upper quartile...Ch. 6.B - For the 30 students who took the test, the high...Ch. 6.B - I examined the data carefully, and the range was...Ch. 6.B - The standard deviation for the heights of a group...Ch. 6.B - The mean gas mileage of the compact cars we tested...Ch. 6.B - 13. Big Bank Verification. Find the mean and...Ch. 6.B - Prob. 14E Ch. 6.B - Comparing Variations. Consider the following data...Ch. 6.B - Prob. 16E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 17E Ch. 6.B - Comparing Variations. Consider the following data...Ch. 6.B - Understanding Variation. The following exercises...Ch. 6.B - Understanding Variation. The following exercises...Ch. 6.B - Pizza Deliveries. After recording the pizza...Ch. 6.B - Airline Arrival Times. Two airlines have data on...Ch. 6.B - 23. Portfolio Standard Deviation. The book...Ch. 6.B - Defect Rates. Two factories each produce 1000...Ch. 6.B - 25. Ice Cream Deviations. Each night you total the...Ch. 6.B - Vet Data. A small animal veterinarian reviews her...Ch. 6.B - Prob. 27E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 28E Ch. 6.B - 29. Quality Control. An auto transmission...Ch. 6.B - Web Data Sets. Go to any website that gives data...Ch. 6.B - Prob. 31E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 32E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 33E Ch. 6.B - Prob. 34E Ch. 6.B - 35. Variation in StatCrunch. Load the data set...Ch. 6.B - 36. StatCrunch Project. Choose a data set...Ch. 6.C - Graphs of normal distributions a. always look...Ch. 6.C - In a normal distribution, the mean a. is equal to...Ch. 6.C - In a normal distribution, data values farther from...Ch. 6.C - Consider wages at a fast food restaurant where...Ch. 6.C - In a normal distribution, about 2/3 Of the data...Ch. 6.C - Suppose a car driven under different conditions...Ch. 6.C - Consider again the car described in Question 6. On...Ch. 6.C - Consider an exam with a normal distribution of...Ch. 6.C - An acquaintance tells you that his IQ is in the...Ch. 6.C - The height of a particular 7-year-old girl has a...Ch. 6.C - 1. What is a normal distribution? Briefly describe...Ch. 6.C - 2. What is the 68-95-99.7 rule for normal...Ch. 6.C - 3. What is a standard score? How do you find the...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 4E Ch. 6.C - The heights of male basketball players at Kentucky...Ch. 6.C - The weights of babies born at Belmont Hospital are...Ch. 6.C - The weights of babies born at Belmont Hospital are...Ch. 6.C - On yesterday's mathematics exam, the standard...Ch. 6.C - My professor graded the final on a curve, and she...Ch. 6.C - Jack is the 50th percentile for height, so he is...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 11E Ch. 6.C - Prob. 12E Ch. 6.C - Prob. 13E Ch. 6.C - 13-18: Normal Distributions. State, with an...Ch. 6.C - 13-18: Normal Distributions. State, with an...Ch. 6.C - Normal Distributions. State, with an explanation,...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 17E Ch. 6.C - 13-18: Normal Distributions. State, with an...Ch. 6.C - The 68-95-99.7 Rule. A set of test scores is...Ch. 6.C - The 68-95-99.7 Rule. The resting heart rates for a...Ch. 6.C - Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology exam...Ch. 6.C - Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology exam...Ch. 6.C - Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology exam...Ch. 6.C - Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology exam...Ch. 6.C - Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology exam...Ch. 6.C - 21-28: Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology...Ch. 6.C - 21-28: Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology...Ch. 6.C - Psychology Exam. The scores on a psychology exam...Ch. 6.C - Standard Scores and Percentiles. Use Table 6.3 to...Ch. 6.C - Standard Scores and Percentiles. Use Table 6.3 to...Ch. 6.C - Percentiles. Use Table 6.4 to find the approximate...Ch. 6.C - Percentiles. Use Table 6.4 to find the approximate...Ch. 6.C - Pregnancy Length. Actual lengths of terms are...Ch. 6.C - Pregnancy Length. Actual lengths of terms are...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 35E Ch. 6.C - Prob. 36E Ch. 6.C - Heights. According to data from the National...Ch. 6.C - Body Mass Index (BMI). The body mass indexes of...Ch. 6.C - 39. Is It Likely? Suppose you read that the...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 40E Ch. 6.C - GRE Scores. Scores on the verbal Graduate Record...Ch. 6.C - 41-47: GRE Scores. Scores on the verbal section of...Ch. 6.C - 41-47: GRE Scores. Scores on the verbal section of...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 44E Ch. 6.C - 41-47: GRE Scores. Scores on the verbal section of...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 46E Ch. 6.C - Prob. 47E Ch. 6.C - Normal Distributions. Many data sets described in...Ch. 6.C - Normal Demonstration. Do a Web search on the...Ch. 6.C - Heights of American Men. The heights of American...Ch. 6.C - Normal Distributions in StatCrunch. Go to the work...Ch. 6.C - Prob. 52E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.D - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 6.D - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 6.D - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 6.D - A poll finds that 35% of the people surveyed...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 6QQ Ch. 6.D - Consider a survey with a margin of error of 4%. If...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 8QQ Ch. 6.D - Prob. 9QQ Ch. 6.D - Prob. 10QQ Ch. 6.D - Prob. 1E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 2E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 3E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 4E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 5E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 6E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 7E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 8E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 9E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 10E Ch. 6.D - Both agencies conducted their surveys carefully,...Ch. 6.D - If you want to reduce the margin of error in your...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 13E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 14E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 15E Ch. 6.D - Subjective Significance. For each of the following...Ch. 6.D - 15-20: Subjective Significance. For each of the...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 18E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 19E Ch. 6.D - 15-20: Subjective Significance. For each of the...Ch. 6.D - Human Body Temperature. A study by University of...Ch. 6.D - Seat Belts and Children. In a study of children...Ch. 6.D - SAT Preparation. A study of 75 students who took...Ch. 6.D - Weight by Age. A National Health Survey determined...Ch. 6.D - Margin of Error. Find the margin of error and the...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 26E Ch. 6.D - 25-32: Margin of Error. Find the margin of error...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 28E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 29E Ch. 6.D - 25-32: Margin of Error. Find the margin of error...Ch. 6.D - 25-32: Margin of Error. Find the margin of error...Ch. 6.D - Margin of Error. Find the margin of error and the...Ch. 6.D - 33-38: Formulating Hypotheses. Consider the...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 34E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 35E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 36E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 37E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 38E Ch. 6.D - 39-44: Hypothesis Tests. The following exercises...Ch. 6.D - 39-44: Hypothesis Tests. The following exercises...Ch. 6.D - 39-44: Hypothesis Tests. The following exercises...Ch. 6.D - 39-44: Hypothesis Tests. The following exercises...Ch. 6.D - 39-44: Hypothesis Tests. The following exercises...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 44E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 45E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 46E Ch. 6.D - Prob. 47E Ch. 6.D - Better Margin of Error. Suppose you want to...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 49E Ch. 6.D - Recent Polls. Visit the websites of polling...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 51E Ch. 6.D - Statistical Significance. Find a recent news...Ch. 6.D - Prob. 53E Ch. 6.D - Hypothesis Testing. Find a news report describing...Ch. 6.D - 55. Confidence Interval. Go to and choose...

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