
Interpretation:
The given terms have to be defined.

Explanation of Solution
System: System can be defined as portion of universe. The physical and chemical changes of substance generally constitute a system.
There are types of system in
- 1. Open system
- 2. Closed system
- 3. Isolated system
Surroundings: Surrounding can be defined as rest of universe other than the system.
Consider, the example of acid-base neutralization reaction,
The reactants
Open system: The free exchange of matter and energy with its surroundings is called as open system. The exchange of matter in open system takes place either by addition of matter or removal of matter. The exchange of energy is much more complicated than exchange of heat. The exchange of energy takes place through heat and through work.
Closed system: The exchange of energy with its surroundings and not matter is called as closed system. The transfer of energy is similar to that of open system
Isolated system: Either exchange of energy or matter takes place with the surroundings is called isolated system.
Thermal energy: It can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature. Thermal energy deals the unsystematic motion of atoms and molecules. Its type of kinetic energy that is due to motion. Thermal energy results in substance possessing an internal temperature, which can be measured.
Chemical energy: Chemical energy can be defined as the energy that is seen in the
Examples of matter containing chemical energy are,
- 1) Coal- Chemical energy is converted into light and heat.
- 2) Wood- Chemical energy is converted into light and heat. etc
Potential energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its relative point to some other object, stress surrounded by itself, its electric charge or any other external factor is called as potential energy.
Potential energy can be calculated using the formula,
Where m= mass, g=gravity due to acceleration and h=height.
Kinetic energy: The work that is required to accelerate a body of a given weight from rest to its velocity is called kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of object is calculated by the formula,
Where m= mass and v=velocity.
Law of conservation of energy: The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be either destroyed or created but instead it can be converted from one form to other. The first law of thermodynamics is modified version of law of conversion of energy for a thermodynamic system. The total energy of system that is isolated is constant.
The equation for the first law of thermodynamics is given by,
Where U=total energy of the system
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Chapter 6 Solutions
EBK GENERAL CHEMISTRY: THE ESSENTIAL CO
- → Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + 1FAD + 1ADP 2CO2 + CoA + 3NADH + 1FADH2 + 1ATP a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? c. Which reactant is the electron donor? d. Which reactants are the electron acceptors? e. Which of the products are now reduced? f. Which product is now oxidized? g. Which process was used to produce the ATP? h. Where was the energy initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? i. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? j. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. OCH 3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) Br (Choose one) Explanation Check NO2 (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Aarrow_forwardFor each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Cl O donating O withdrawing ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects O Explanation Check O electron-rich O electron-deficient similar to benzene X © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessarrow_forward
- Identifying electron-donating and For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects NH2 ○ donating NO2 Explanation Check withdrawing no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating O withdrawing O no resonance effects O donating O withdrawing O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Ono resonance effects O electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene olo 18 Ar 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibilityarrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check Х (Choose one) OH (Choose one) OCH3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forwardAssign R or S to all the chiral centers in each compound drawn below porat bg 9 Br Brarrow_forward
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