Chapter 6, Problem 6.16E

To determine

Present value:

Present value refers to the present worth of the money that is received in future in a lump sum or as series of cash flows at a specified interest rate. When these future sums of money are discounted at a higher rate, the present value of the future cash flows gets lower.

$\text{Present value of an amount = }\frac{\text{Future value}}{{\left(\text{1 + interest rate}\right)}^{\text{number}\text{of}\text{periods}}}$

Annuity:

An annuity is referred as a sequence of payment of fixed amount of cash flows that occurs over the equal intervals of time.

To calculate: Determine the present value.