Concept explainers
a)
Interpretation: The hybridization on central atom in
Concept introduction: Bonding between atoms in covalent molecule is shown by diagrams known as Lewis structures. These also show lone pairs in molecule.
Steps to determine Lewis dot diagram is as follows:
1. Count total valence electrons of central atom to add valence electrons from all atoms present. If species is negative ion, add electrons to achieve the total charge. If it is positive ion, subtract electrons to result in total charge.
2. Calculate total electrons that each atom has noble gas configuration of electrons around it.
3. Calculate the difference of electron. This determines the number of shared electrons.
4. Then assign two electrons to each bond in molecule or ion.
5. If electrons are left place them as double or triple bonds.
6. Place remaining electrons as lone pairs to atom, to satisfy octet of atom except hydrogen.
7. Determine formal charge of each atom.
Hybridization is mixing of two atomic orbitals with same energy level to give new orbital. This is based on
The hybridization can be determined by number of hybrid orbitals or steric number formed by the atom. The formula to calculate steric number is as follows:
The hybridization is predicted as follows:
1. If value of SN is 2, two hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be sp.
2. If value of SN is 3, three hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
3. If value of SN is 4, four hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
4. If value of SN is 5, five hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
5. If value of SN is 6, six hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
b)
Interpretation: The hybridization on carbon atom in
Concept introduction: Bonding between atoms in covalent molecule is shown by diagrams known as Lewis structures. These also show lone pairs in molecule.
Steps to determine Lewis dot diagram is as follows:
1. Count total valence electrons of central atom to add valence electrons from all atoms present. If species is negative ion, add electrons to achieve the total charge. If it is positive ion, subtract electrons to result in total charge.
2. Calculate total electrons that each atom has noble gas configuration of electrons around it.
3. Calculate the difference of electron. This determines the number of shared electrons.
4. Then assign two electrons to each bond in molecule or ion.
5. If electrons are left place them as double or triple bonds.
6. Place remaining electrons as lone pairs to atom, to satisfy octet of atom except hydrogen.
7. Determine formal charge of each atom.
Hybridization is mixing of two atomic orbitals with same energy level to give new orbital. This is based on quantum mechanics. The atomic orbitals of equal energy level only are part of hybridization.
The hybridization can be determined by number of hybrid orbitals or steric number formed by the atom. The formula to calculate steric number is as follows:
The hybridization is predicted as follows:
1. If value of SN is 2, two hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be sp.
2. If value of SN is 3, three hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
3. If value of SN is 4, four hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
4. If value of SN is 5, five hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
5. If value of SN is 6, six hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
c)
Interpretation: The hybridization on central atom in
Concept introduction: Bonding between atoms in covalent molecule is shown by diagrams known as Lewis structures. These also show lone pairs in molecule.
Steps to determine Lewis dot diagram is as follows:
1. Count total valence electrons of central atom to add valence electrons from all atoms present. If species is negative ion, add electrons to achieve the total charge. If it is positive ion, subtract electrons to result in total charge.
2. Calculate total electrons that each atom has noble gas configuration of electrons around it.
3. Calculate the difference of electron. This determines the number of shared electrons.
4. Then assign two electrons to each bond in molecule or ion.
5. If electrons are left place them as double or triple bonds.
6. Place remaining electrons as lone pairs to atom, to satisfy octet of atom except hydrogen.
7. Determine formal charge of each atom.
Hybridization is mixing of two atomic orbitals with same energy level to give new orbital. This is based on quantum mechanics. The atomic orbitals of equal energy level only are part of hybridization.
The hybridization can be determined by number of hybrid orbitals or steric number formed by the atom. The formula to calculate steric number is as follows:
The hybridization is predicted as follows:
1. If value of SN is 2, two hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be sp.
2. If value of SN is 3, three hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
3. If value of SN is 4, four hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
4. If value of SN is 5, five hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
5. If value of SN is 6, six hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
d)
Interpretation: The hybridization on central carbon atom in
Concept introduction: Bonding between atoms in covalent molecule is shown by diagrams known as Lewis structures. These also show lone pairs in molecule.
Steps to determine Lewis dot diagram is as follows:
1. Count total valence electrons of central atom to add valence electrons from all atoms present. If species is negative ion, add electrons to achieve the total charge. If it is positive ion, subtract electrons to result in total charge.
2. Calculate total electrons that each atom has noble gas configuration of electrons around it.
3. Calculate the difference of electron. This determines the number of shared electrons.
4. Then assign two electrons to each bond in molecule or ion.
5. If electrons are left place them as double or triple bonds.
6. Place remaining electrons as lone pairs to atom, to satisfy octet of atom except hydrogen.
7. Determine formal charge of each atom.
Hybridization is mixing of two atomic orbitals with same energy level to give new orbital. This is based on quantum mechanics. The atomic orbitals of equal energy level only are part of hybridization.
The hybridization can be determined by number of hybrid orbitals or steric number formed by the atom. The formula to calculate steric number is as follows:
The hybridization is predicted as follows:
1. If value of SN is 2, two hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be sp.
2. If value of SN is 3, three hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
3. If value of SN is 4, four hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
4. If value of SN is 5, five hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
5. If value of SN is 6, six hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
e)
Interpretation: The hybridization on central atom in
Concept introduction: Bonding between atoms in covalent molecule is shown by diagrams known as Lewis structures. These also show lone pairs in molecule.
Steps to determine Lewis dot diagram is as follows:
1. Count total valence electrons of central atom to add valence electrons from all atoms present. If species is negative ion, add electrons to achieve the total charge. If it is positive ion, subtract electrons to result in total charge.
2. Calculate total electrons that each atom has noble gas configuration of electrons around it.
3. Calculate the difference of electron. This determines the number of shared electrons.
4. Then assign two electrons to each bond in molecule or ion.
5. If electrons are left place them as double or triple bonds.
6. Place remaining electrons as lone pairs to atom, to satisfy octet of atom except hydrogen.
7. Determine formal charge of each atom.
Hybridization is mixing of two atomic orbitals with same energy level to give new orbital. This is based on quantum mechanics. The atomic orbitals of equal energy level only are part of hybridization.
The hybridization can be determined by number of hybrid orbitals or steric number formed by the atom. The formula to calculate steric number is as follows:
The hybridization is predicted as follows:
1. If value of SN is 2, two hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be sp.
2. If value of SN is 3, three hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
3. If value of SN is 4, four hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
4. If value of SN is 5, five hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be
5. If value of SN is 6, six hybrid orbitals are formed and hybridization will be

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 6 Solutions
OWLv2 for Oxtoby/Gillis/Butler's Principles of Modern Chemistry, 8th Edition, [Instant Access], 1 term (6 months)
- Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction LiNO3arrow_forwardAn unknown weak acid with a concentration of 0.410 M has a pH of 5.600. What is the Ka of the weak acid?arrow_forward(racemic) 19.84 Using your reaction roadmaps as a guide, show how to convert 2-oxepanone and ethanol into 1-cyclopentenecarbaldehyde. You must use 2-oxepanone as the source of all carbon atoms in the target molecule. Show all reagents and all molecules synthesized along the way. & + EtOH H 2-Oxepanone 1-Cyclopentenecarbaldehydearrow_forward
- R₂ R₁ R₁ a R Rg Nu R₂ Rg R₁ R R₁₂ R3 R R Nu enolate forming R₁ R B-Alkylated carbonyl species or amines Cyclic B-Ketoester R₁₁ HOB R R₁B R R₁₂ B-Hydroxy carbonyl R diester R2 R3 R₁ RB OR R₂ 0 aB-Unsaturated carbonyl NaOR Aldol HOR reaction 1) LDA 2) R-X 3) H₂O/H₂O ketone, aldehyde 1) 2°-amine 2) acid chloride 3) H₂O'/H₂O 0 O R₁ R₁ R R₁ R₁₂ Alkylated a-carbon R₁ H.C R₁ H.C Alkylated methyl ketone acetoacetic ester B-Ketoester ester R₁ HO R₂ R B-Dicarbonyl HO Alkylated carboxylic acid malonic ester Write the reagents required to bring about each reaction next to the arrows shown. Next, record any regiochemistry or stereochemistry considerations relevant to the reaction. You should also record any key aspects of the mechanism, such as forma- tion of an important intermediate, as a helpful reminder. You may want to keep track of all reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds, because these help you build large molecules from smaller fragments. This especially applies to the reactions in…arrow_forwardProvide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardIdentify which compound is more acidic. Justify your choice.arrow_forward
- Provide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardWhen anisole is treated with excess bromine, the reaction gives a product which shows two singlets in 1H NMR. Draw the product.arrow_forward(ii) Draw a reasonable mechanism for the following reaction: CI NaOH heat OH (hint: SNAr Reaction) :arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning


