Chapter 6, Problem 36R

A.B. is a retired 69-year-old man with a 5-year history of type 2 diabetes. Although he was diagnosed in 1997, he had symptoms indicating hyperglycemia for 2 years before diagnosis. He had fasting blood glucose records indicating values of 118–127 mg/dl, which were described to him as indicative of “borderline diabetes.” He also remembered past episodes of nocturia associated with large pasta meals and Italian pastries. At the time of initial diagnosis, he was advised to lose weight (“at least 10 lb.”), but no further action was taken. He does not test his blood glucose levels at home and expresses doubt that this procedure would help him improve his diabetes control. “What would knowing the numbers do for me?” he asks. “The doctor already knows the sugars are high.” A.B. states that he has “never been sick a day in my life.” He recently sold his business and has become very active in a variety of volunteer organizations. He lives with his wife of 48 years and has two married children.…

In the initial stages of the disease, type 2 diabetes is treated with Metformin only, and insulin is not needed. In later years, insulin treatment is often needed. Please help explain the progression of the disease, describing the initial role of Metformin as a drug, and the eventual need for insulin.

Explain the pathophysiological conditions which necessitate the use of dialysis machine by patients

Hypervitaminosis is largely attributed to which of the following?   Restrictive diets   Gastric bypass surgery   Alcoholism   Supplementation

Compare and contrast the pathophysiology and treatment of type I versus type II diabetes.

Pain in the leg muscles that occur during exercise and is relieved by rest is known as _______________. This condition is due to poor circulation and is associated with peripheral vascular disease.

Patient B: Has Diabetes mellitus type 1. They are not taking medication for it. They are confused and lethargic. They are breathing heavy and fast and the breath has a fruity odor. They have polyuria and increased thirst. For patient B, Explain the physiological mechanisms that would create confusion and lethargy, heavy and rapid breathing, a fruity odor on breath, polyuria and increased thirst.This answer should be addressing the reason why all these symptoms show up in Diabetes mellitus.