Concept explainers
Draw the products of homolysis or heterolysis of each indicated bond. Use electronegativity
differences to decide on the location of charges in the heterolysis reaction. Classify each
carbon reactive intermediate as a radical, carbocation, or carbanion.
a.b.

(a)
Interpretation: The products of homolysis or heterolysis of the indicated bond is to be drawn by using the electronegativity differences. Each carbon reactive intermediate is to be classified as a radical, carbocation, or carbanion.
Concept introduction: In organic chemistry, the formation of carbocation or carbanion occurs due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Carbocations possess six electrons around them, whereas carbanions possess the lone pair of electrons. Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet.
Answer to Problem 26P
In the given indicated bond, homolysis takes place that results in the formation of the radicals.
The first product is,
The second product is,
Explanation of Solution
The heterolysis does not take place in the given compound due to the less electronegativity difference between atoms.
The product of homolysis is shown below.
Figure 1
In the above reaction, cyclohexane forms cyclohexyl radical and hydrogen radical by homolysis. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with unpaired electron because the electrons are not attracted toward one element in the homolysis.
In the given indicated bond, homolysis takes place that results in the formation of the radical. The product of homolysis is shown in Figure 1.

(b)
Interpretation: The products of homolysis or heterolysis of the indicated bond is to be drawn by using the electronegativity differences. Each carbon reactive intermediate is to be classified as a radical, carbocation, or carbanion.
Concept introduction: In organic chemistry, the formation of carbocation or carbanion occurs due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Carbocations possess six electrons around them, whereas carbanions possess the lone pair of electrons. Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet.
Carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of excess electrons. Heterolysis is the process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in the breaking of the bond.
Answer to Problem 26P
In the given indicated bond, heterolysis takes place that results in the formation of the carbocation.
The first product is,
The second product is,
Explanation of Solution
Heterolysis in the compound takes place due to the more electronegativity difference. The product of heterolysis is shown below.
Figure 2
In the above reaction, ethanol forms ethyl carbocation and hydroxide ion by heterolysis. The heterolysis in the chemical reaction leads to the formation of ionic species because electrons are attracted toward more electronegative atom. Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, heterolysis and the formation of carbocation take place in the reaction.
In the given indicated bond, heterolysis takes place that results in the formation of the carbocation. The product of heterolysis is shown in Figure 2.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 6 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY W/ALEKS
- Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO2 (g) = N2O4(g) AGº = -5.4 kJ Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 4.53 atm of dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) at 279. °C. Answer the following questions about this system: Under these conditions, will the pressure of N2O4 tend to rise or fall? Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding NO2? In other words, if you said the pressure of N2O4 will tend to rise, can that be changed to a tendency to fall by adding NO2? Similarly, if you said the pressure of N2O4 will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to '2' rise by adding NO2? If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate the minimum pressure of NO 2 needed to reverse it. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. 00 rise ☐ x10 fall yes no ☐ atm G Ar 1arrow_forwardWhy do we analyse salt?arrow_forwardCurved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. H H CH3OH, H+ H Select to Add Arrows H° 0:0 'H + Q HH ■ Select to Add Arrows CH3OH, H* H. H CH3OH, H+ HH ■ Select to Add Arrows i Please select a drawing or reagent from the question areaarrow_forward
- What are examples of analytical methods that can be used to analyse salt in tomato sauce?arrow_forwardA common alkene starting material is shown below. Predict the major product for each reaction. Use a dash or wedge bond to indicate the relative stereochemistry of substituents on asymmetric centers, where applicable. Ignore any inorganic byproducts H Šali OH H OH Select to Edit Select to Draw 1. BH3-THF 1. Hg(OAc)2, H2O =U= 2. H2O2, NaOH 2. NaBH4, NaOH + Please select a drawing or reagent from the question areaarrow_forwardWhat is the MOHR titration & AOAC method? What is it and how does it work? How can it be used to quantify salt in a sample?arrow_forward
- Predict the major products of this reaction. Cl₂ hv ? Draw only the major product or products in the drawing area below. If there's more than one major product, you can draw them in any arrangement you like. Be sure you use wedge and dash bonds if necessary, for example to distinguish between major products with different stereochemistry. If there will be no products because there will be no significant reaction, just check the box under the drawing area and leave it blank. Note for advanced students: you can ignore any products of repeated addition. Explanation Check Click and drag to start drawing a structure. 80 10 m 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility DII A F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 EO F11arrow_forwardGiven a system with an anodic overpotential, the variation of η as a function of current density- at low fields is linear.- at higher fields, it follows Tafel's law.Calculate the range of current densities for which the overpotential has the same value when calculated for both cases (the maximum relative difference will be 5%, compared to the behavior for higher fields).arrow_forwardUsing reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition Consider the following equilibrium: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) AGº = -34. KJ Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 8.06 atm of nitrogen (N2) and 2.58 atm of ammonia (NH3) at 106. °C. Answer the following questions about this system: rise Under these conditions, will the pressure of N2 tend to rise or fall? ☐ x10 fall Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding H₂? In other words, if you said the pressure of N2 will tend to rise, can that be changed to a tendency to fall by adding H2? Similarly, if you said the pressure of N will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to rise by adding H₂? If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate the minimum pressure of H₂ needed to reverse it. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. yes no ☐ atm Х ด ? olo 18 Ararrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning
