Three factors affecting the risk structure of interest rates
Concept Introduction:
The three factors affecting the risk structure of interest rates are:
- Default Risk
- Liquidity
- Income Tax Consideration
Explanation of Solution
Default Risk: This refers to the risk which may happen when an issuer of a bond is unable to pay back the face value and interest levied on it. The higher the default risk, higher would be the interest rate levied. The difference or the spread between the interest rate levied on default risk bond and default risk free bond is called risk premium. A bond with default risk will always have a positive risk premium and an increase in its default risk will raise its premium.
Liquidity:
This is another factor that influences interest rates. A liquid asset is one that can easily be converted into cash. The higher the liquid an asset is, higher is the
The result is that the difference or the spread between the interest rates of high liquid asset and the less liquid asset (called risk premium) is high. Higher the liquidity, less will be the interest rate.
Income Tax Consideration: A tax levied on income generated from bond determines interest rates. The higher the tax levied on income of bond, lower will be the demand.
For example, $2000-face value municipal Bond that sells for $2000 and pays only $160 in coupon payments, its interest rate is only 8%, but since it is tax-exempt, no tax is paid on $160 coupon payment.
While a corporate bond of $2000 face value has also the same attributes which a municipal bond has, but 40 %tax consideration, so coupon payment will be $160-$64=$96. So net income will be $96.
A person will be less interested in buying corporate bond than municipal bond. So, demand will increase of tax exempt bond, thereby increasing price. With increase in price, interest rate levied will be less.
Thus, higher income tax, lower will be the interest rate.
Thus, Default Risk, Liquidity and Income Tax consideration determines interest rates of bonds.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 6 Solutions
EBK THE ECONOMICS OF MONEY, BANKING AND
- not use ai pleseaarrow_forward3 Producer Surplus, PS $12 $11 S Book Print rences Legend ●Demand ● Supply Price $10 $9 $8 $7 $6 D $5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 00 Tons of Wheat (in thousands) 9 10 a. Indicate the consumer surplus if the market is in equilibrium. Instructions: Use the tool provided "Consumer Surplus, CS" to shade in the consumer surplus area on the graph. b. Indicate the producer surplus if the market is in equilibrium. Instructions: Use the tool provided "Producer Surplus, PS" to shade in the producer surplus area on the graph.arrow_forwardFigure 4-4 PRICE a P B Q a QUANTITY Supply Refer to Figure 4-4. The movement from point A to point B on the graph is called a decrease in supply. an increase in supply. an increase in the quantity supplied. a decrease in the quantity supplied. tv all A 18arrow_forward
- A linear programming computer package is needed. As part of the settlement for a class action lawsuit, Hoxworth Corporation must provide sufficient cash to make the following annual payments (in thousands of dollars). 6 Year 1 23. 4 Payment 160 185 210 255 285 430 The annual payments must be made at the beginning of each year. The judge will approve an amount that, along with earnings on its investment, will cover the annual payments. Investment of the funds will be limited to savings (at 4% annually) and government securities, at prices and rates currently quoted in The Wall Street Journal. Hoxworth wants to develop a plan for making the annual payments by investing in the following securities (par value = $1,000). Funds not invested in these securities will be placed in savings. Security Current Price 1 $1,055 Rate (%) Years to Maturity 6.750 3 2 $1,000 5.125 Assume that interest is paid annually. The plan will be submitted to the judge and, if approved, Hoxworth will be required to…arrow_forwardPut the sections of Cornell notes in the order of completion.arrow_forwardagree or disagree with the post Hi Class! Egyptian dates are much sweeter! Due largely to their climate and geography, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Iran produce more dates than either the US or Canada. Dates grow best in hot dry climates with long dry growing seasons, which these nations naturally offer. They also produce a lot of dates because of their extensive agricultural, infrastructure, and centuries-old date-growing expertise. Conversely, the U.S., there aren't many places in Canada and California that are suitable for date farming, only a select few, like the Coachella Valley, in California can produce dates on a large scale. Although California produces some dates, it is not as much as countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Depending only on U.S., because of increased labor and production costs, dates grown in this way may have a limited supply and raise prices. We can obtain a greater supply of dates at competitive prices while maintaining consistent quality by…arrow_forward
- In 1932 babe Ruth made $75,000. How much is that in todays dollars please give the right answer step by steparrow_forwardEvaluate machine XYZ when MARR is 12% per year. Pertinent data are as follows: Machine XYZ Investment cost Expected life Market (salvage) value Annual revenue Annual expenses $10,000 5 years $1,000 $8,000 $4,000 How much is the excess of the cash flow using the Annual Worth Method? Blank 1 Calculate the External Rate of Return. Blank 2 Compute the payback period of the investment. Blank 3 Would you recommend this investment? Explain briefly. Blank 4arrow_forwardPlease make sure to answer each step and show work. Thank you!arrow_forward
Principles of Economics (12th Edition)EconomicsISBN:9780134078779Author:Karl E. Case, Ray C. Fair, Sharon E. OsterPublisher:PEARSON
Engineering Economy (17th Edition)EconomicsISBN:9780134870069Author:William G. Sullivan, Elin M. Wicks, C. Patrick KoellingPublisher:PEARSON
Principles of Economics (MindTap Course List)EconomicsISBN:9781305585126Author:N. Gregory MankiwPublisher:Cengage Learning
Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving ApproachEconomicsISBN:9781337106665Author:Luke M. Froeb, Brian T. McCann, Michael R. Ward, Mike ShorPublisher:Cengage Learning
Managerial Economics & Business Strategy (Mcgraw-...EconomicsISBN:9781259290619Author:Michael Baye, Jeff PrincePublisher:McGraw-Hill Education