Using & Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134715919
Author: Bennett
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 5.B, Problem 18E
Should You Believe This Study? Based solely on the information given, do you have reason to question the results ol the following hypothetical studies? Explain your reasoning.
l8. ln a study of obesity among children, researchers monitor the eating and exercise habits of the participating children, carefully recording everything they eat and all their activity.
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Module Code: MATH380202
3. (a) Let {} be a white noise process with variance σ2.
Define an ARMA(p,q) process {X} in terms of {+} and state (without proof)
conditions for {X} to be (i) weakly stationary and (ii) invertible.
Define what is meant by an ARIMA (p, d, q) process. Let {Y} be such an ARIMA(p, d, q)
process and show how it can also be represented as an ARMA process, giving the
AR and MA orders of this representation.
(b) The following tables show the first nine sample autocorrelations and partial auto-
correlations of X and Y₁ = VX+ for a series of n = 1095 observations. (Notice
that the notation in this part has no relationship with the notation in part (a) of
this question.)
Identify a model for this time series and obtain preliminary estimates for the pa-
rameters of your model.
X₁
= 15.51, s² = 317.43.
k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pk
0.981
0.974
0.968
akk 0.981 0.327
8
9
0.927
0.963 0.957 0.951 0.943 0.935
0.121 0.104 0.000 0.014 -0.067 -0.068 -0.012
Y₁ = VX : y = 0.03, s² = 11.48.
k
1…
Let G be a graph with n ≥ 2 vertices x1, x2, . . . , xn, and let A be the adjacency matrixof G. Prove that if G is connected, then every entry in the matrix A^n−1 + A^nis positive.
Module Code: MATH380202
1. (a) Define the terms "strongly stationary" and "weakly stationary".
Let {X} be a stochastic process defined for all t € Z. Assuming that {X+} is
weakly stationary, define the autocorrelation function (acf) Pk, for lag k.
What conditions must a process {X+) satisfy for it to be white noise?
(b) Let N(0, 1) for t€ Z, with the {+} being mutually independent. Which of
the following processes {X+} are weakly stationary for t> 0? Briefly justify your
answers.
i. Xt for all > 0.
ii. Xo~N(0,) and X₁ = 2X+-1+ &t for t > 0.
(c) Provide an expression for estimating the autocovariance function for a sample
X1,..., X believed to be from a weakly stationary process. How is the autocor-
relation function Pk then estimated, and a correlogram (or acf plot) constructed?
(d) Consider the weakly stationary stochastic process ✗+ = + + +-1+ +-2 where
{E} is a white noise process with variance 1. Compute the population autocorre-
lation function Pk for all k = 0, 1, ....
Chapter 5 Solutions
Using & Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach (7th Edition)
Ch. 5.A - You conduct a poll in which you randomly select...Ch. 5.A - Results of the poll described in question 1 would...Ch. 5.A - When we say that a sample is representative of the...Ch. 5.A - A poll concerning support for mass transit is...Ch. 5.A - Consider an experiment designed to test whether...Ch. 5.A - The experiment described in question 4 is a....Ch. 5.A - The purpose of a placebo is a. to prevent...Ch. 5.A - An experiment is single-blind if a. it lacks a...Ch. 5.A - Poll X predicts that Powell will receive 49% of...Ch. 5.A - A survey reveals that 12% of Americans believe...
Ch. 5.A - 1. Why do we say that the term statistics has two...Ch. 5.A - 2. Define the terms populatíon, sample, population...Ch. 5.A - Describe the five basic steps in a statistical...Ch. 5.A - Why is a so important that a statistical study use...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 5ECh. 5.A - Prob. 6ECh. 5.A - What is a placebo? Describe the placebo effect and...Ch. 5.A - What is meant by the margin of error in a survey...Ch. 5.A - In my experimental study, I used a sample that was...Ch. 5.A - I followed all the guidelines for sample selection...Ch. 5.A - I wanted to test the effects of vitamin C on...Ch. 5.A - I don’t believe the results of the experiment...Ch. 5.A - A pollster plans to improve survey results by...Ch. 5.A - By choosing my sample carefully, I can make a good...Ch. 5.A - Population and Sample. For the following studies,...Ch. 5.A - 15–20: Population and Sample. For the following...Ch. 5.A - 15–20: Population and Sample. For the following...Ch. 5.A - In a test of the effectiveness of garlic for...Ch. 5.A - In an Accountemps survey of 150 senior executives,...Ch. 5.A - Population and Sample. For the following studies,...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 21ECh. 5.A - Prob. 22ECh. 5.A - Prob. 23ECh. 5.A - Steps in a Study. Describe how you would apply the...Ch. 5.A - 21-26: Steps in a Study. Describe how you would...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 26ECh. 5.A - Representative Sample? You want to determine the...Ch. 5.A - Representative Sample? You want to determine the...Ch. 5.A - Identify the Sampling Method. Identify the...Ch. 5.A - Identify the Sampling Method. Identify the...Ch. 5.A - Identify the Sampling Method. Identify the...Ch. 5.A - Identify the Sampling Method. Identify the...Ch. 5.A - Identify the Sampling Method. Identify the...Ch. 5.A - Identify the Sampling Method. Identify the...Ch. 5.A - Type of Study. Determine whether the following...Ch. 5.A - Type of Study. Determine whether the following...Ch. 5.A - Type of Study. Determine whether each of the...Ch. 5.A - Type of Study. Determine whether the following...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 39ECh. 5.A - Prob. 40ECh. 5.A - Prob. 41ECh. 5.A - Prob. 42ECh. 5.A - Prob. 43ECh. 5.A - Prob. 44ECh. 5.A - Prob. 45ECh. 5.A - Prob. 46ECh. 5.A - Margin of Error. The following summaries of...Ch. 5.A - A Gallup poll found that 36% of Americans favor a...Ch. 5.A - Margin of Error. The following summaries of...Ch. 5.A - Margin of Error. The following summaries of...Ch. 5.A - Effectiveness of a New Drug. As part of the U.S....Ch. 5.A - Real Studies. Consider the following statistical...Ch. 5.A - Real Studies. Consider the following statistical...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 54ECh. 5.A - 55. A Fox News poll carried out by phone...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 56ECh. 5.A - Prob. 57ECh. 5.A - Prob. 58ECh. 5.A - Statistics in the News. Select three news stories...Ch. 5.A - 62. Statistics in Your Major. Write two to three...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 61ECh. 5.A - Prob. 62ECh. 5.A - 65. Poor Sampling. Find a new article about a...Ch. 5.A - 66. Good Sampling. Find a recent news article that...Ch. 5.A - 67. Margin of Error. Find a report of a recent...Ch. 5.A - Prob. 66ECh. 5.A - Prob. 67ECh. 5.B - You read about an issue that was the subject of an...Ch. 5.B - A study conducted by the oil company Exxon Mobil...Ch. 5.B - Consider a study designed to learn about the...Ch. 5.B - The show The Voice selects winners based on votes...Ch. 5.B - Consider an experiment in which you measure the...Ch. 5.B - Consider a survey in which 1000 people arc asked...Ch. 5.B - Imagine that a survey of randomly selected people...Ch. 5.B - You want to know whether people prefer Smith or...Ch. 5.B - A self-selected survey is one in which a. the...Ch. 5.B - If a statistical study is carefully conducted tn...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 1ECh. 5.B - Prob. 2ECh. 5.B - Prob. 3ECh. 5.B - Prob. 4ECh. 5.B - More than 1 million people sent texts in response...Ch. 5.B - Thc survey of religious beliefs suffered from...Ch. 5.B - My experiment proved beyond a doubt that vitamin C...Ch. 5.B - Everyone who jogs for exercise should try the new...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 9ECh. 5.B - Should You Believe This Study? Based solely on the...Ch. 5.B - 9-20: Should You Believe This Study? Based solely...Ch. 5.B - 9–20: Should You Believe This Study? Based solely...Ch. 5.B - Should You Believe This Study? Based solely on the...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 14ECh. 5.B - Should You Believe This Study? Based solely on the...Ch. 5.B - Should You Believe This Study? Based solely on the...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 17ECh. 5.B - Should You Believe This Study? Based solely on the...Ch. 5.B - Should You Believe This Study? Based solely on the...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 20ECh. 5.B - 21–26: Should You Believe This Claim? Based solely...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 22ECh. 5.B - Prob. 23ECh. 5.B - Prob. 24ECh. 5.B - Prob. 25ECh. 5.B - Should You Believe This Claim? Based solely on the...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 27ECh. 5.B - Prob. 28ECh. 5.B - Bias. Identify at least one potential source of...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 30ECh. 5.B - Bias. Identify at least one potential source of...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 32ECh. 5.B - Prob. 33ECh. 5.B - Prob. 34ECh. 5.B - 35. Its All in the Wording. Princeton Survey...Ch. 5.B - 36. It’s All in the Wording. The Pew Research...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 37ECh. 5.B - Stat-Bytes. Much like sound bytes of news stories,...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 39ECh. 5.B - Prob. 40ECh. 5.B - Prob. 41ECh. 5.B - Prob. 42ECh. 5.B - Accurate Headlines? Consider the following...Ch. 5.B - 43–44: Accurate Headlines? Consider the following...Ch. 5.B - 45. What is the Question? Discuss the differences...Ch. 5.B - 46. Exercise and Dementia. A recent study in the...Ch. 5.B - Prob. 47ECh. 5.B - Prob. 48ECh. 5.B - Prob. 49ECh. 5.B - Prob. 50ECh. 5.B - Prob. 51ECh. 5.C - In a class of 200 students, 50 students received a...Ch. 5.C - For the class described in question 1, what was...Ch. 5.C - Which of the following is an example of...Ch. 5.C - The sizes of the wedges in a pie chart tell you a....Ch. 5.C - You have a table listing ten tourist attractions...Ch. 5.C - In the table of tourist attractions and visitors...Ch. 5.C - You have a list of the GPAs of 100 college...Ch. 5.C - You have a list of the average gasoline price for...Ch. 5.C - A histogram is a. a graph that shows how some...Ch. 5.C - You have a histogram and you want to convert it...Ch. 5.C - Prob. 1ECh. 5.C - Prob. 2ECh. 5.C - Prob. 3ECh. 5.C - Prob. 4ECh. 5.C - Prob. 5ECh. 5.C - 6. What two types of graphs are most common when...Ch. 5.C - I made a frequency table with two columns, one...Ch. 5.C - The relative frequency of B grades in our class...Ch. 5.C - The cumulative frequency of C grades in our class...Ch. 5.C - Your bar graph must be wrong, because you have 10...Ch. 5.C - Your pie chart must be wrong, because when I added...Ch. 5.C - I rearranged the bars on my histogram the tallest...Ch. 5.C - 13-14: Frequency Tables. Make frequency tables for...Ch. 5.C - Prob. 14ECh. 5.C - 15-22: Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine...Ch. 5.C - Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine whether...Ch. 5.C - 15-22: Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine...Ch. 5.C - Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine whether...Ch. 5.C - Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine whether...Ch. 5.C - Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine whether...Ch. 5.C - 15-22: Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine...Ch. 5.C - Qualitative versus Quantitative. Determine whether...Ch. 5.C - Binned Frequency Tables. Use the given bin sizes...Ch. 5.C - Binned Frequency Tables. Use the given bin sizes...Ch. 5.C - 25. Most Populous Countries. The following table...Ch. 5.C - Prob. 26ECh. 5.C - Prob. 27ECh. 5.C - Prob. 28ECh. 5.C - Prob. 29ECh. 5.C - Prob. 30ECh. 5.C - 31. Cell Phone Subscriptions. The following table...Ch. 5.C - 32. Death Rates. Figure 5.10 is a time-series...Ch. 5.C - U.S. Electrical Energy. The following table gives...Ch. 5.C - Prob. 34ECh. 5.C - Ages of Nobel Prize Winners. The Following...Ch. 5.C - Prob. 36ECh. 5.C - Prob. 37ECh. 5.C - Prob. 38ECh. 5.C - Immigrant Data. The following table gives the...Ch. 5.C - Prob. 40ECh. 5.C - Prob. 41ECh. 5.C - 49. Bar Graph. Find a recent news article tha...Ch. 5.C - 50. Pie Chart. Find a recent news article that...Ch. 5.C - 51. Histogram. Find a recent news article that...Ch. 5.C - 52. Line Chart. Find a recent news article that...Ch. 5.C - Answer the following questions using procedures...Ch. 5.C - 47. U.S. Population in Poverty. Use Excel or with...Ch. 5.C - 48. StatCrunch Data Entry. To gain practice...Ch. 5.C - 49. NFL Data. Open the shared data set called NFL...Ch. 5.C - Prob. 50ECh. 5.D - Based on Figure 5.12, which statement is correct?...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.D - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.D - Prob. 4QQCh. 5.D - Prob. 5QQCh. 5.D - Prob. 6QQCh. 5.D - Which of the following best describes the...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 8QQCh. 5.D - 9. Consider Figure 5.22(a). Moving one tick mark...Ch. 5.D - 10. Consider Figure 5.23(a). In years where the...Ch. 5.D - Briefly describe the construction and use of...Ch. 5.D - What are geographical data? Briefly describe at...Ch. 5.D - What are three-dimensional graphics? Explain the...Ch. 5.D - What are infographics, and what is their goal?Ch. 5.D - Prob. 5ECh. 5.D - 6. What is an exponential scale? When is an...Ch. 5.D - Explain how a graph that shows percentage change...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 8ECh. 5.D - My bar chart contains more information than yours,...Ch. 5.D - 10. I used an exponential scale because the data...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 11ECh. 5.D - A graph showing the yearly rate of increase in the...Ch. 5.D - Educational Value. Use the graphs in Figure 5.11...Ch. 5.D - 13-16: Educational Value. Use the graphs in Figure...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 15ECh. 5.D - Prob. 16ECh. 5.D - Gender and Mathematics. Consider the data...Ch. 5.D - Gender and Science. The following table gives data...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 19ECh. 5.D - Prob. 20ECh. 5.D - Disease Stack Plot. Use Figure 5.14 to answer the...Ch. 5.D - Disease Stack Plot. Use Figure 5.14 to answer the...Ch. 5.D - 23. Figure 5.24 shows a stack plot of federal...Ch. 5.D - 24. College Degrees. Figure 5.25 shows the numbers...Ch. 5.D - 25-26: Melanoma Mortality. Figure 5.26 shows the...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 26ECh. 5.D - Prob. 27ECh. 5.D - Prob. 28ECh. 5.D - Prob. 29ECh. 5.D - Prob. 30ECh. 5.D - Prob. 31ECh. 5.D - Infographic. Use Figure 5.18 to answer the...Ch. 5.D - Volume Distortion. Figure 5.29 depicts the amounts...Ch. 5.D - Three-DimensionaI Pies. The pie charts in Figure...Ch. 5.D - Refugees to Europe. Figure 5.31 shows the numbers...Ch. 5.D - 36. Life Expectancy. Figure 5.32 shows the life...Ch. 5.D - 37. Moore’s Law. Moore law refers to a prediction...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 38ECh. 5.D - Prob. 39ECh. 5.D - Percentage Change in the CPI. Figure 5.33 shows...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 41ECh. 5.D - Prob. 42ECh. 5.D - Prob. 43ECh. 5.D - Prob. 44ECh. 5.D - Prob. 45ECh. 5.D - Prob. 46ECh. 5.D - 47-52: Creating Graphics. Make a graphical display...Ch. 5.D - 47-52: Creating Graphics. Make a graphical display...Ch. 5.D - Creating Graphics. Make a graphical display of the...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 50ECh. 5.D - Prob. 51ECh. 5.D - Prob. 52ECh. 5.D - Prob. 53ECh. 5.D - Prob. 54ECh. 5.D - Prob. 55ECh. 5.D - Prob. 56ECh. 5.D - Prob. 57ECh. 5.D - Prob. 58ECh. 5.D - Prob. 59ECh. 5.D - 46. Interactive Infographics. Find a few examples...Ch. 5.D - Answer the following questions using procedures...Ch. 5.D - Answer the following questions using procedures...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 63ECh. 5.D - Prob. 64ECh. 5.D - Prob. 65ECh. 5.D - Answer the following questions using procedures...Ch. 5.D - Prob. 67ECh. 5.D - Prob. 68ECh. 5.E - If X is correlated with Y, a. X causes Y. b....Ch. 5.E - Figure 5.40. According to this diagram, life...Ch. 5.E - If the points on a scatterplot fall on a nearly...Ch. 5.E - If the points on a scatterplot fall into a broad...Ch. 5.E - When can you rule out the possibility that changes...Ch. 5.E - What type of correlation would you expect between...Ch. 5.E - You have found a higher rate of birth defects...Ch. 5.E - Based on the data in Figure 5.38, abou how much...Ch. 5.E - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 5.E - A finding by a jury that a pcrson is guilty...Ch. 5.E - What is a correlation? Give three examples of...Ch. 5.E - What is a scatterplot, and how is one made? How...Ch. 5.E - Prob. 3ECh. 5.E - Describe the three general categories of...Ch. 5.E - 5. Briefly describe each of the six guidelines...Ch. 5.E - Briefly describe three levels of confidence in...Ch. 5.E - There is a strong negative correlation between the...Ch. 5.E - There is a strong positive correlation between the...Ch. 5.E - I found a nearly perfect positive correlation...Ch. 5.E - I found a nearly perfect negative correlation...Ch. 5.E - I had originally suspected that an increase in...Ch. 5.E - Prob. 12ECh. 5.E - Interpreting Scatterplots. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Interpreting Scatterplots. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Interpreting Scatterplots. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Interpreting Scatterplots. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Types of Correlation. For the following pairs of...Ch. 5.E - Types of Correlation. For the following pairs of...Ch. 5.E - Types of Correlation. For the following pairs of...Ch. 5.E - Prob. 20ECh. 5.E - Prob. 21ECh. 5.E - Prob. 22ECh. 5.E - 17–24: Types of Correlation. For the following...Ch. 5.E - Prob. 24ECh. 5.E - Prob. 25ECh. 5.E - Making Scatterplots. Consider the following data...Ch. 5.E - Making Scatterplots. Consider the following data...Ch. 5.E - Prob. 28ECh. 5.E - Prob. 29ECh. 5.E - Making Scatterplots. Consider the following data...Ch. 5.E - Federal Aid and Graduation Rates. Figure 5.43...Ch. 5.E - Correlation and Causality. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Correlation and Causality. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Correlation and Causality. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Correlation and Causality. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Correlation and Causality. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - Correlation and Causality. Consider the following...Ch. 5.E - 38. Identifying Causes: Headaches. You are trying...Ch. 5.E - 39. Smoking and Lung Cancer. There is a strong...Ch. 5.E - Prob. 40ECh. 5.E - Prob. 41ECh. 5.E - Prob. 42ECh. 5.E - Prob. 43ECh. 5.E - Prob. 44ECh. 5.E - Prob. 45ECh. 5.E - Prob. 46ECh. 5.E - Prob. 47ECh. 5.E - Answer the following questions using procedures...Ch. 5.E - Exercise and TV Open the shared data set called...Ch. 5.E - 50. StatCrunch Project. Choose one data set...
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