Biology: Concepts and Investigations
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260259049
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 5, Problem 9WIO
Explain how C4 photosynthesis is based on a spatial arrangement of structures, whereas CAM photosynthesis is temporally based.
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Describe both the advantages and the disadvantages of C4 photosynthesis over C3 photosynthesis.
Which of the following correctly sequences the steps of non-cyclic electron transport?
a) Chlorophyll molecules absorb UV radiation exciting electrons which flow through photosystem I, returning to the chlorophyll molecules
b) Electrons donated from water molecules pass through photosystem I then photosystem II before returning to the chlorophyll molecules, generating ATP in the process
c) Water is oxidized by the capture of light energy; these excited electrons are passed through the dark reactions, returning to chlorophyll during the final light reactions
d) The ATP and NADPH generated by the reactions of photosystem II and photosystem I are utilized by the Calvin Cycle to build high energy glucose molecules
DRAW a curved arrow mechanism for photosynthesis with the following steps.
Step 1: Absorption of sunlight and excitation of chlorophyll molecules
Step 2: Transfer of energy to reaction center chlorophylls, which lose an electron and become oxidized.
Step 3: Electron transfer from oxidized chlorophylls to an electron acceptor, such as a quinone molecule
Step 4: Electron transfer from the quinone molecule to a chain of electron carriers, such as cytochromes, which generate a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane
Step 5: ATP synthesis by ATP synthase using the energy of the proton gradient.
Step 6: Transfer of electrons from the electron carriers to the enzyme rubisco, which catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) with CO2, forming an unstable 6-carbon intermediate.
Step 7: Cleavage of the 6-carbon intermediate into two 3-carbon molecules, which are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Step 8: Conversion of G3P to…
Chapter 5 Solutions
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Ch. 5.1 - Prob. 1MCCh. 5.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 5.1 - Prob. 3MCCh. 5.1 - Prob. 4MCCh. 5.1 - How did the origin of photosynthesis alter Earths...Ch. 5.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 5.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 5.2 - Prob. 3MCCh. 5.2 - How does the reaction center chlorophyll interact...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 1MC
Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 5.4 - Prob. 1MCCh. 5.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 5.4 - Prob. 3MCCh. 5.4 - Prob. 4MCCh. 5.5 - What is the relationship between the light...Ch. 5.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 5.6 - Why is the Calvin cycle also called the C3...Ch. 5.6 - Prob. 2MCCh. 5.6 - What conditions maximize photorespiration?Ch. 5.6 - Prob. 4MCCh. 5.6 - Prob. 5MCCh. 5.7 - Prob. 1MCCh. 5.7 - Prob. 2MCCh. 5 - Where does the energy come from to drive...Ch. 5 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 5 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 5 - The evolution of photosynthesis resulted in a. an...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 5 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 5 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 5 - Imagine that multiple simultaneous volcanic...Ch. 5 - Prob. 2WIOCh. 5 - Prob. 3WIOCh. 5 - Would a plant grow belier in a room painted blue...Ch. 5 - Determine whether each of the following molecules...Ch. 5 - Over the past decades, the CO2 concentration in...Ch. 5 - How does photosynthesis help compensate for...Ch. 5 - How is the CAM pathway adaptive in a desert...Ch. 5 - Explain how C4 photosynthesis is based on a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 1PITCh. 5 - 2. How would you incorporate the Calvin cycle,...Ch. 5 - Prob. 3PITCh. 5 - Prob. 4PIT
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- A: ATP Cellular respiration Bwater and oxygen MITOCHONDRION (animal cell) CHLOROPLAST (plant cell Examine the model depicting the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Select ALL of th choices that correctly pairs products and reactants with their place in the model. Photosynthesisarrow_forwardConsider how the Hill Reaction might be used to investigate how the wavelength of light influences the rate electrons move in the electron transport chain of the chloroplast. a) Design an experiment to compare the effects of blue light and green light on the Hill Reaction. (Assume that you have filters that you can attach to your light source to control the wavelength of light.) b) Based on your knowledge of photosynthesis, how would you expect the color of the light to effect the movement of electrons? c) Draw a line graph of your expected results.arrow_forwardDraw a diagram of the dark phase of photosynthesis. You must represent this phase in the form of a cycle indicating the parts of carboxylation, reduction, generation of hexoses and regeneration. Ribulose, CO2, rubisco, phosphoglycerate (PGA), bisphosphoglycerate, phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL), ATP, ADP, NADPH, NADP, kinase, fructose, and glucose should appear.arrow_forward
- 43) Which of the following is false? A) C3, C4, and CAM plants use the light dependent reactions to harvest energy from the sun and light independent reactions to turn that energy into sugar. B) C3 plants use photorespiration (as opposed to the Calvin Cycle) when CO2 is low ) C4 plants utilize a specialized carbon fixation enzyme and a unique cell structure to reduce the problems of photorespiration D) CẢM plants perform all of the steps of photosynthesis at night to avoid e photorespirationarrow_forward34) During photosynthesis, electron transfer follows which sequence? A) sun -> chlorophyll -> electron transport chain -> ATP i vo B) water -> NADPH -> chlorophyll -> electron transport chain -> chlorophyll C) water -> chlorophyll -> electron transport chain -> chlorophyll -> NADPH Jen D) sugar -> electron transport chain -> oxygen -> ATParrow_forward2.) A.) Explain how electron transfer leads to ATP biosynthesis in the light reactions of photosynthesis. You must give details about how electron flow builds a pH gradient and a description of the compartments in the chloroplast in relation to pH. Also, compare the ETC of the mitochondrion with the ETC of the light reactions for both the source and destination for electrons. B.) Would ATP biosynthesis happen if ionophores, which would create holes in the thylakoid membrane and allow uncontrolled passage of charged molecules such as protons between compartments, are provided to the chloroplast? Why or why not? C.) How would you modify Complex I of the electron transport chain to decrease ATP yield from Step 3 of β-oxidation? As part of this, you must explain why there is a difference in ATP yield between NADH and FADH 2 AND give a specific change to the ETC that would decrease ATP yield from Step 3arrow_forward
- Explain the process of biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis occurring in chloroplast.arrow_forwardIn chloroplasts, the light reactions power the creation of ATP via chemiosmosis. In relation to this process, which of the following is true? a) ATP synthase breaks ATP down into ADP, creating energy to fuel chemiosmosis. b) Oxygen is used as a source of electrons to replace those lost in photosystem II. c) Chemiosmosis during the light reactions is also used in the reduction of NADPH and FADH2. d) As excited electrons fall back down to a lower energy state, they create a proton gradient that is used to fuel the phosphorylation of ADP.arrow_forwardUsing the graph comparing photosynthetic rate and absorption of different wavelengths of light, what can be concluded? a) The photosynthesis rate at 550 nm is the highest b) Chlorophyll a absorbs wavelengths at both ends of the spectrum c) Chlorophyll b is associated with the greatest rate of photosynthesis. d) Carotenoids absorb the narrowest range of wavelengths of lightarrow_forward
- Explain why C4 photosynthesis is advantageous in hot, dryconditionsarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are correct? 1. Absorption of light does one thing: it makes chlorophyll easier to oxidize. 2. In PSII, the rate of damage to the D1 protein can never exceeds the rate of repair. 3. Electron transport is spontaneous (exergonic) as electrons move from P680* to P700+. 4. Compared to anoxygenic photosynthesis, in oxygenic photosynthesis less light needs to be absorbed to reduce NADP+. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correctarrow_forwardFrom a plant's perspective, the main purpose of photosynthesis is to Group of answer choices a)to produce sugars and oxygen for heterotrophs. b)plants are not cognitive organisms and therefore we have no idea what the "purpose" of photosynthesis is for the plant. c)to produce enough O2 gas for the plant to survive through the night. d)make sugars, such as glucose, to use for building cell walls and for energy needed by the plant.arrow_forward
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Photosynthesis & Respiration | Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool; Author: FuseSchool - Global Education;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XIyweZg6Sw;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY