
(a)
To find: the per cent of kidney stones and mention the procedure that had the higheroverall success rate
(a)

Answer to Problem 5.7AYK
The PCNL procedure had a higher success and the per cent of kidney stones are
Explanation of Solution
Given:
Calculation:
One study looked at the success rate of both open surgery and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), a minimally invasive technique, for the removal of kidney stones. The success or failure of both techniques for removing kidney stones is shown in the chart.
Small stones | |||
Open Surgery | PCNL | Total | |
Success | 81 | 234 | 315 |
Failure | 6 | 36 | 42 |
Total | 87 | 270 | 357 |
Large stones | |||
Open Surgery | PCNL | Total | |
Success | 192 | 55 | 247 |
Failure | 71 | 25 | 96 |
Total | 263 | 80 | 343 |
Table 1: Success and failure of open surgery and PCNL on kidney removal for both small (top) and large (bottom) stones
Based on these values, the percent of kidney stones that were removed for both procedures can be calculated. The total successes for each technique from both charts will be used. Open Surgery Successes: Begin by adding open surgery successes for both small and large stones.
Then find the total number of all open surgeries.
Divide the open surgery successes by the total number of open surgeries performed.
PCNL Successes:
Begin by adding the PCNL successes for both small and large stones.
Then find the total number of all PCNL surgeries.
Divide the open surgery successes by the total number of open surgeries performed.
Thus, the PCNL procedure had a higher success rate when factoring in all the kidney stones removed for both open surgery and PCNL.
Conclusion:
Thus, the PCNL procedure had a higher success rate and the per cent of kidney stones are
(b)
To find: thepercent of all small kidney stones and large kidney stonesthat were removedand mention which type of kidney stone are easier to treat
(b)

Answer to Problem 5.7AYK
It appears that smaller kidney stones are move easily removed when looking at this data The per cent of kidney stones are
Explanation of Solution
Calculation:
In addition to the above information, the success of removing small vs. large kidney stones can be calculated.
Small stones:
Begin by adding the successes for removal of small stones.
Then find the total number of all surgeries for small kidney stones.
Divide the small kidney stone successes by the total number of surgeries performed.
The per cent of kidney stones are
Large stones:
Begin by adding the successes for removal of large stones.
Then find the total number of all surgeries for large kidney stones.
Divide the large kidney stone successes by the total number of surgeries performed
The per cent of kidney stones are
When trying to remove small kidney stones,
Conclusion:
Thus, it appears that smaller kidney stones are move easily removed when looking at this data.
The per cent of kidney stones are
(c)
To find: the percent of successful procedures of each type for small and large kidney stones
(c)

Answer to Problem 5.7AYK
The percent of PCNL for small and large kidney stones are
The percent of open surgery for small and large kidney stones are
Explanation of Solution
Calculation:
Now, the per cent of successful open surgeries and PCNL for each of the small and large stones will be determined. To do this for small kidney stones, take the number of successes for open surgery divided by the total number of open surgeries. This is then repeated for small stones successfully removed by PCNL surgeries and again for both categories of large stones.
Small stones - open surgery:
Small stones - PCNL:
Large stones - open surgery:
Large stones - PCNL:
These numbers indicate that PCNL surgery performed worse than open surgeries for both small and large stones. However, when combined, it performed better overall. The reasoning for this is that the size of the kidney stones could be a lurking variable that without including it in the evaluation could lead to misinterpretation of the data.
Here, the data is best evaluated separately in order to remove the likelihood of Simpson's paradox.
Conclusion:
Therefore,
The percent of PCNL for small and large kidney stones are
The percent of open surgeryfor small and large kidney stones are
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Practice of Statistics in the Life Sciences
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