Chapter 5, Problem 5.42CRP

What is the purpose and function of the Institutional Review Board?

I need help with part B-1 of this question.

According to the IRS, individuals filing federal income tax returns prior to March 31 received an average refund of $1056 in 2018. Consider the population of “last-minute” filers who mail their tax return during the last five days of the income tax period (typically April 10 to April 15). A researcher suggests that a reason individuals wait until the last five days is that on average these individuals receive lower refunds than do early filers. For a sample of 400 individuals who filed a tax return between April 10 and 15, the sample mean refund was $910. Based on prior experience, a population standard deviation of  σ = $1,600 may be assumed. Test the researcher's assertion using the critical value approach. Use α = 0.05 (Please include all the 7 steps in hypothesis testing) Steps in hypothesis testing p-value Approach Develop the null and alternative hypothesis Specify the level of significance, α Choose the test statistic (z or t) Calculate the test statistic Use the value of the…

Jerry's sister, Colleen, is a Philadelphia-based accountant, and much of her work has her auditing retail companies—literally showing up unannounced—to confirm their in-house inventory matches what their inventory software and tax filings claim. If she finds evidence to suggest there are widespread discrepancies between physical in-store inventory and what's shared with the Internal Revenue Service via inventory reports, she informs the IRS that a more thorough audit is warranted. Assume Colleen is auditing a company that maintains separate records for 4500 different items, 4400 of which are accurate and 100 of which are inaccurate. Rather than examining all 4500 records, Colleen arbitrarily samples 100 of them (without replacement). Let X be the random variable counting the number of inaccurate record found among all 100 samples, assuming all samples are equally likely.   What is p_X​(x), which is the probability mass function of X as defined above.  verify the value of p_X​(5) out to…

Because of the complex nature of the U.S. income tax system, many people have questions for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Yet an article published by the Detroit Free Press titled “Assistance: IRS Help Centers Give the Wrong Information” discusses the propensity of IRS staff employees to give incorrect tax information to taxpayers who call with questions. Then IRS Inspector General Pamela Gardiner told a Senate subcommittee that “the IRS employees at 400 taxpayer assistance centers nationwide encountered 8.5 million taxpayers face-to-face last year. The problem: When inspector general auditors posing as taxpayers asked them to answer tax questions, the answers were right 69% of the time.”     Suppose an independent commission was formed to test whether the 0.69 accuracy rate is correct or whether it is actually higher or lower. The commission has randomly selected n = 180 tax returns that were completed by IRS assistance employees and found that 105 of the returns were…

According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), about 15.5% adults (18 years or older) in the U.S. in 2016were current smokers. Half of the U.S. adults in 2016 were women and 13.5% of adult women were current smokers. Please answer the following questions based on the information given in this problem. a. If a 40 years old U.S. resident happens to be a non-smoker, what is the probability that he is a man? Please show the necessary steps. b. What is the probability that a random U.S adult will be both a smoker and a man? Please show the necessary work. ​​​ c. What is the probability that a random U.S adult will be a non-smoker or a man? Please show the necessary work. ​​​​ d. What is the probability that a random U.S adult will be neither a smoker nor a man? Show the necessary work. ​​ e. According t the data provided in this problem, are being a smoker and being a women independentevents for a U.S adult? Please show how you arrived at your answer.

Politifact reported that on September 29, 2015, Cecile Richards, then president of Planned Parenthood, was testifying before Congress. Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R, Utah) accused Ms. Richards of misusing the $500 million in annual funding that her organization receives from the federal government.    Congressman Chaffetz presented the following chart from Americans for Life. He explained, “In pink, that’s the reduction in the breast exams, and the red is the increase in the abortions. That’s what’s going on in your organization?” Here is the chart: PlannedParenthood.png    Does this chart present an honest representation of the data, or is it misleading? Explain your answer. If this chart misleading, are the congressman and the Americans United for Life (the creators of the chart) knaves or fools?

"The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said about 72 million Americans-nearly one out of every four of the country's 304 million residents-are considered obese. Millions more are designated as overweight." The American trend toward obesity has prompted many physicians to offer weight-loss programs to their patients. [Source: Price, w. T. "Physicians Get into the Weight-Loss Business." Florida Today, July 7, 2008.] A physician conducted an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of four different weight-loss programs. In the study, 60 obese adults were randomly assigned to the four programs so that each program had 15 adults. The programs lasted for six months. The weights of the subjects were measured before and after the programs, and each subject's weight loss was computed in pounds. The following table summarizes the results of the study, giving the number of observations and the sample mean and variance of the subjects' weight loss in each program. Treatment…

In 2010, the U.S. Congress passed the historic health care reform bill that will provide some type of coverage for the 32 million Americans currently without health care insurance.  Just how widespread is the lack of medical coverage?  The media claim that the segments of the population most at risk for disease and thus needing healthcare are women, children, the elderly and the poor. The following tables were generated from the U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (2011).  Explain using supportive arguments from your analyses. Write a general summary paragraph identifying groups lacking in coverage by gender, age and income and commenting on the headline. Reference the observed numbers and percentages in your summary paragraph to see how the groups trend in identifying potentially more at-risk. Analysises for reference: Is being insured or not dependent on gender? Fill in the degrees of freedom and p-value in the output below and draw…