Chapter 5, Problem 34A

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The term frequency to be defined.

Concept introduction:

Frequency is expressed as Greek letter $\text{υ}$. Electromagnetic wave relationship for frequency is as follows:

$\text{υ=}\frac{\text{c}}{\text{λ}}$

Here $\text{υ}$ is frequency, $\text{λ}$ is wavelength and c is speed of light.

Answer to Problem 34A

Frequency is number of waves which pass a given point per second.

Explanation of Solution

Frequency is number of waves which pass a given point per second. SI unit of frequency is hertz (Hz). Hertz equals to one wave per second. Frequency is expressed with units of wave per second $\left({\text{s}}^{-1}\right)$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The term wavelength to be defined

Concept introduction:

Wavelength is expressed as Greek letter $\text{λ}$. Electromagnetic wave relationship for wavelength is as follows:

$\text{λ}=\frac{c}{\text{υ}}$

Here $\text{υ}$ is frequency, $\text{λ}$ is wavelength and c is speed of light.

Answer to Problem 34A

Wavelength is shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave.

Explanation of Solution

Wavelength is shortest distance on continuous wave, between equal points. Wavelength units are meters, centimeters or nanometers.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The term quantum to be defined

Concept introduction:

Plank explains that energy emitted by hot objects. Quanta is a matter that can gain or loss energy only in small specific amount.

Answer to Problem 34A

Minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gain by an atom is known as quantum.

Explanation of Solution

Quantum is minimum amount of energy which can be lost or gained by an atom. Expression for energy of quantum is as follows:

${\text{E}}_{\text{quantum}}\text{=hυ}$

Here ${\text{E}}_{\text{quantum}}$ represents energy, h is planks constant and $\text{υ}$ represents frequency. Energy of quantum is given by product of plank’s constant and frequency.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The term ground state to be defined

Concept introduction:

In ground state electron is associated with lowest energy level. When atom is in excited state, electron is associated with a higher energy level.

Answer to Problem 34A

Ground state is lowest allowable energy state of an atom.

Explanation of Solution

Building on the concepts of quantized energy of Planck’s and Einstein’s, Bohr proposed that hydrogen atom would have only certain permissible energy states. An atom’s lowest acceptable energy state is called its ground state. Ground state is first level of energy when its single electron is in n=1. In ground state, atom does not radiate energy.