Microbiology: A Systems Approach
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781259706615
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4.6, Problem 16AYP
Define a species in terms of bacteria.
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Normal dive (for diving humans)
normal
breathing
dive
normal
breathing
Oz level
CO2 level
urgent need
to breathe
Oz blackout zone
high CO2 triggers breathing
6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in
relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in
diving humans.
How might the location and slope of the O₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
How might the location and slope of the CO₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
•
Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above.
How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line
differ for diving marine mammals?
What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability
of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?
foraging/diet type
teeth
tongue
stomach
intestines
cecum
Insectivory
numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew
--
simple
short
mostly lacking
Myrmecophagy
absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater
extremely long
simple, often roughened
short
small or lacking
Terrestrial carnivory
sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog
--
simple
short
small
Aquatic carnivory
homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin
--
simple or multichambered (cetaceans only)
variable
small or absent
Sanguinivory
very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat
grooved
tubular, highly extensible
long
small or lacking
Herbivory (except nectivores)
incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver
--
simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants)
long
large
Filter feeding
none…
3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species
(A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your
answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the
diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences?
Species A
3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
པར『ན་
cm 30
Species B
4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4
cm 10
Species C
0/4, 0/0,3/3, 3/3
020
Chapter 4 Solutions
Microbiology: A Systems Approach
Ch. 4.1 - List the structures all bacteria possess.Ch. 4.1 - Identify at least four structures that some, but...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 3AYPCh. 4.1 - Prob. 4AYPCh. 4.1 - Provide at least four terms to describe bacterial...Ch. 4.2 - Describe the structure and function of five...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 4.3 - Prob. 8AYPCh. 4.3 - Prob. 9AYPCh. 4.3 - Prob. 10AYP
Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 11AYPCh. 4.4 - Prob. 12AYPCh. 4.5 - List some differences between archaea and...Ch. 4.6 - Differentiate between Bergeys Manual of Systematic...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 15AYPCh. 4.6 - Define a species in terms of bacteria.Ch. 4 - Which of the following is not found in all...Ch. 4 - Pili are tubular shafts in ____ bacteria that...Ch. 4 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 4 - Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell...Ch. 4 - Which of the following is present in both...Ch. 4 - Darkly stained granules are concentrated crystals...Ch. 4 - Bacterial endospores usually function in a....Ch. 4 - A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells...Ch. 4 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 4 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 4 - Prob. 11TFCh. 4 - A research microbiologist looking at evolutionary...Ch. 4 - Nanobes may or may not actually be bacteria.Ch. 4 - Both bacteria and archaea used to be known as...Ch. 4 - Prob. 15TFCh. 4 - Define the term ubiquitous and explain whether...Ch. 4 - Quorum sensing is a process used by many bacteria...Ch. 4 - Based upon your knowledge of cell wall structure,...Ch. 4 - Provide evidence in support of or refuting the...Ch. 4 - a.Describe the characteristics of an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 1VCCh. 4 - From chapter 1, figure 1.14. Study this figure....Ch. 4 - Prob. 1CM
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- 3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 cm 30 Species B 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3 cm 10 Species C 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 E 0 cm 20 AILarrow_forwardNormal dive (for diving humans) normal breathing dive normal breathing Oz level CO₂ level urgent need to breathe Oz blackout zone high CO₂ triggers breathing 6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in diving humans. • How might the location and slope of the O2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • How might the location and slope of the CO2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • • Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above. How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line differ for diving marine mammals? What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?arrow_forwardHow much ATP will be produced during the following metabolic scenario: Aerobic respiration of a 5mM lipid solution that is made up of one glycerol and an 8-carbon fatty acid and 12-carbon fatty acid. Recall that when glycerol breaks down to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate it costs one ATP but your get an extra FADH2. Every two carbons of a fatty acid break down to one acetyl-CoA. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.arrow_forward
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- When beta-lactamase was isolated from Staphylcoccus aureus and treated with a phosphorylating agent, only the active site, serine was phosphorylated. Additionally, the serine was found to constitute 0.35% (by weight) of this beta-lactamase enzyme. Using this, calculate the molecular weight of this enzyme and estimate the number of amino acids present in the polypeptide.arrow_forwardBased on your results from the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) media, which of your bacteria were mannitol fermenters and which were not mannitol fermenters?arrow_forwardhelp tutor pleasearrow_forward
- Q8. A researcher wants to study the effectiveness of a pill intended to reduce stomach heartburn in pregnant women. The researcher chooses randomly 400 women to participate in this experiment for 9 months of their pregnancy period. They all need to have the same diet. The researcher designs two groups of 200 participants: One group take the real medication intended to reduce heartburn, while the other group take placebo medication. In this study what are: Independent variable: Dependent variable: Control variable: Experimental group: " Control group: If the participants do not know who is consuming the real pills and who is consuming the sugar pills. This study is It happens that 40% of the participants do not find the treatment helpful and drop out after 6 months. The researcher throws out the data from subjects that drop out. What type of bias is there in this study? If the company who makes the medication funds this research, what type of bias might exist in this research work?arrow_forwardHow do I determine the inhertiance pattern from the pedigree diagram?arrow_forwardits an open book assignemntarrow_forward
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