Fundamentals of Differential Equations (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780321977069
Author: R. Kent Nagle, Edward B. Saff, Arthur David Snider
Publisher: PEARSON
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Refer to page 24 for solving a differential equation using Laplace transforms.
Instructions:
Take the Laplace transform of the given equation, applying initial conditions appropriately.
⚫ Solve the resulting algebraic equation and find the inverse transform.
Provide step-by-step solutions with intermediate results and final verification.
Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]
Refer to page 30 for deriving the Euler-Lagrange equation for an optimal control problem.
Instructions:
•
Use the calculus of variations to derive the Euler-Lagrange equation.
Clearly define the functional being minimized or maximized.
Provide step-by-step derivations, including all necessary boundary conditions. Avoid skipping
critical explanations.
Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS3IZ9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]
Refer to page 32 for solving a linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) problem.
Instructions:
• Formulate the cost functional and state-space representation.
• Derive the Riccati equation and solve it step-by-step.
Clearly explain how the optimal control law is obtained. Ensure all matrix algebra is shown in
detail.
Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]
Chapter 4 Solutions
Fundamentals of Differential Equations (9th Edition)
Ch. 4.1 - Verify that for b = 0 and Fext(t) = 0, equation...Ch. 4.1 - If Fext(t) = 0, equation (3) becomes my + by + ky...Ch. 4.1 - Show that if Fext(t) = 0, m = 1, k = 9, and b = 6,...Ch. 4.1 - Verify that y = sin 3t + 2 cos 3t is a solution to...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.1 - An external force F(t) = 2 cos 2t is applied to a...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.1 - In Problems 79, find a synchronous solution of the...Ch. 4.1 - In Problems 79, find a synchronous solution of the...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 10E
Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 112, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 112, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.2 - In Problems 112, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.2 - In Problems 112, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 112, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 1320, solve the given initial value...Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 1320, solve the given initial value...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.2 - In Problems 1320, solve the given initial value...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.2 - In Problems 1320, solve the given initial value...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.2 - In Problems 2732, use Definition 1 to determine...Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 2732, use Definition 1 to determine...Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 2732, use Definition 1 to determine...Ch. 4.2 - In Problems 2732, use Definition 1 to determine...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.2 - Using the definition in Problem 35, prove that if...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.2 - In Problems 3741, find three linearly independent...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.2 - Solve the initial value problem: y 2y y + 2y =...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.3 - In Problems 18, the auxiliary equation for the...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 18, the auxiliary equation for the...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 18, the auxiliary equation for the...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 18, the auxiliary equation for the...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.3 - In Problems 18, the auxiliary equation for the...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 18, the auxiliary equation for the...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 920, find a general solution. 9. y 8y...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 920, find a general solution. 10. y +...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.3 - In Problems 920, find a general solution. 13. y ...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.3 - In Problems 920, find a general solution. 17. y y...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 920, find a general solution. 18. 2y +...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.3 - In Problems 920, find a general solution. 20. y y...Ch. 4.3 - In Problems 2127, solve the given initial value...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.3 - In Problems 2127, solve the given initial value...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.3 - In Problems 2127, solve the given initial value...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.3 - Swinging Door. The motion of a swinging door with...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.3 - Prove the sum of angles formula for the sine...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 18, decide whether or not the method...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - In Problems 926, find a particular solution to the...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.4 - In Problems 3336, use the method of undetermined...Ch. 4.5 - Given that y1(t) = cos t is a solution to y y + y...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.5 - In Problems 38, a nonhomogeneous equation and a...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.5 - In Problems 916 decide whether the method of...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.5 - In Problems 1722, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.5 - In Problems 3136, determine the form of a...Ch. 4.5 - In Problems 3136, determine the form of a...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.5 - In Problems 3136, determine the form of a...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.5 - In Problems 3740, find a particular solution to...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.6 - In Exercises 12, rectangles have been drawn to...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.6 - In Exercises 1318, use a calculator or a computer...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.6 - In Exercises 1318, use a calculator or a computer...Ch. 4.6 - For f(x) = 3x + 2, evaluate the Riemann sums: (a)...Ch. 4.6 - For g(x) = 4x 1, evaluate the Riemann sums: (a)...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.6 - Use Table 5.9 to evaluate the Riemann sums: Table...Ch. 4.6 - The graph of f(t) is in Figure 5.40. Which of the...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 1 through 4, use Theorem 5 to discuss...Ch. 4.7 - In Problems 1 through 4, use Theorem 5 to discuss...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 1 through 4, use Theorem 5 to discuss...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 5 through 8, determine whether Theorem...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 5 through 8, determine whether Theorem...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 9 through 14, find a general solution...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 9 through 14, find a general solution...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 9 through 14, find a general solution...Ch. 4.7 - In Problems 15 through 18, find a general solution...Ch. 4.7 - In Problems 15 through 18, find a general solution...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.7 - Solve the following CauchyEuler equations by using...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.7 - Prove that if y1 and y2 are linearly independent...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.7 - In Problems 41 through 44, a differential equation...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 49ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 50ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 51ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 52ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.8 - Try to predict the qualitative features of the...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.8 - Use reduction of order to derive the solution...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.8 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.9 - All problems refer to the massspring configuration...Ch. 4.9 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.9 - All problems refer to the massspring configuration...Ch. 4.9 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.9 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.10 - In the following problems, take g = 32 ft/sec2 for...Ch. 4.10 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.10 - In the following problems, take g = 32 ft/sec2 for...Ch. 4.10 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.10 - In the following problems, take g = 32 ft/sec2 for...Ch. 4.10 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.10 - Prob. 15ECh. 4 - In Problems 128, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2RPCh. 4 - Prob. 3RPCh. 4 - Prob. 4RPCh. 4 - Prob. 5RPCh. 4 - Prob. 6RPCh. 4 - Prob. 7RPCh. 4 - Prob. 8RPCh. 4 - Prob. 9RPCh. 4 - Prob. 10RPCh. 4 - Prob. 11RPCh. 4 - Prob. 12RPCh. 4 - Prob. 13RPCh. 4 - Prob. 14RPCh. 4 - Prob. 15RPCh. 4 - Prob. 16RPCh. 4 - Prob. 17RPCh. 4 - In Problems 128, find a general solution to the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 19RPCh. 4 - Prob. 20RPCh. 4 - Prob. 21RPCh. 4 - Prob. 22RPCh. 4 - Prob. 23RPCh. 4 - Prob. 24RPCh. 4 - Prob. 25RPCh. 4 - Prob. 26RPCh. 4 - Prob. 27RPCh. 4 - Prob. 28RPCh. 4 - Prob. 29RPCh. 4 - Prob. 30RPCh. 4 - Prob. 31RPCh. 4 - Prob. 32RPCh. 4 - Prob. 33RPCh. 4 - Prob. 34RPCh. 4 - Prob. 35RPCh. 4 - Prob. 36RPCh. 4 - Prob. 37RPCh. 4 - Prob. 38RPCh. 4 - A 32-lb weight is attached to a vertical spring,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 1TWECh. 4 - Prob. 2TWECh. 4 - Prob. 3TWECh. 4 - For students with a background in linear algebra:...
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- Refer to page 14 for solving a linear first-order differential equation. Instructions: • Convert the equation into its standard linear form. • Use integrating factors to find the solution. Show all steps explicitly, from finding the factor to integrating and simplifying the solution. Link [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 10 for a problem involving solving an exact differential equation. Instructions: • Verify if the equation is exact by testing әм მყ - ƏN მე If not exact, determine an integrating factor to make it exact. • Solve step-by-step, showing all derivations. Avoid irrelevant explanations. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qo Haz b9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 10 for a problem involving solving an exact differential equation. Instructions: Verify exactness carefully. ⚫ If the equation is not exact, find an integrating factor to make it exact. Solve step-by-step and ensure no algebraic steps are skipped. Provide detailed explanations for each transformation. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
- Refer to page 34 for deriving and applying Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Instructions: ⚫ Define the Hamiltonian for the given control problem. • • Derive the necessary conditions for optimality step-by-step, including state and co-state equations. Solve the resulting system of equations explicitly, showing all intermediate steps. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 20 for solving a separable differential equation. Instructions: ⚫ Separate the variables explicitly. • Integrate both sides carefully, showing intermediate steps. • Simplify the final result and provide the explicit or implicit solution as required. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 16 for a problem involving solving a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation. Instructions: • Analyze the characteristic equation and address all possible cases (distinct, repeated, and complex roots). • Show detailed steps for deriving the general solution. • Verify solutions by substitution into the original equation. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
- Need help with question?arrow_forwardNeed help with question?arrow_forwardRefer to page 15 for a problem involving evaluating a double integral in polar coordinates. Instructions: Convert the given Cartesian integral to polar coordinates. Show all transformations and step-by-step calculations. Link [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
- Refer to page 9 for a problem requiring finding the tangent plane to a given surface at a point. Instructions: Use partial derivatives to calculate the equation of the tangent plane. Show all calculations step-by-step. Link [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 8 for a problem involving solving a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation. Instructions: Solve using characteristic equations. Show all intermediate steps leading to the general solution. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS3IZ9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 17 for a problem requiring solving a nonlinear algebraic equation using the bisection method. Instructions: Show iterative calculations for each step, ensuring convergence criteria are satisfied. Clearly outline all steps. Link [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qo Hazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
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