Concept explainers
The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The scale ranges from 0 to 14. A neutral solution, such as pure water, has a pH of 7. An acid solution has a pH less than 7 and an alkaline solution has a pH greater than 7. The lower the pH below 7, the more acidic is the solution. Each whole-number decrease in pH represents a tenfold increase in acidity.
The pH of a solution is given by
where x represents the concentration of the hydrogen ions in the solution, in moles per liter. Use the formula to solve Exercises 119-120, Express answers as powers of 10.
a. Normal, unpolluted rain has a pH of about 5.6. What is the hydrogen ion concentration?
b. An environmental concern involves the destructive effects of acid rain. The most acidic rainfall ever had a pH of 2.4. What was the hydrogen ion concentration?
c. How many times greater is the hydrogen ion concentration of the acidic rainfall in part (b) than the normal rainfall in part (a)?
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 4 Solutions
ALGEBRA+TRIGONOMETRY
- Janet measured the number of fluid ounces of water in a container after being left outdoors each day for a week. The changes in the number of fluid ounces of water in the container in relation to the original amount are displayed below. Water Measure Changes Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Change in fluid ounces -9/10 5/6 -9/10 -4/5 1/6 -1 1/5 7/10 Find the average change in the amount of water in the container after being left outdoors each day for a week. F 5 1/2fluid ounces G 11/14 fluid ounces H -2 1/10 fluid ounces J -3/10fluid ouncesarrow_forwardWater quality measurements are taken daily on the River Ouse at Clapham, England. The concentrations of chlorides and phosphates in solution, given below in milligrams per liter, are determined over a 30-day period. Chloride: 64.0, 66.0, 64.0, 62.0, 65.0, 64.0, 64.0, 65.0, 65.0, 67.0, 67.0, 74.0, 69.0, 68.0, 68.0, 69.0, 63.0, 68.0, 66.0, 66.0, 65.0, 64.0, 63.0, 66.0, 55.0, 69.0, 65.0, 61.0, 62.0, 62.0 Phosphate: 1.31, 1.39, 1.59, 1.68, 1.89, 1.98, 1.97, 1.99, 1.98, 2.15, 2.12, 1.90 1.92, 2.00, 1.90, 1.74, 1.81, 1.86, 1.86, 1.65, 1.58, 1.74, 1.89, 1.94, 2.07, 1.58, 1.93, 1.72, 1.73, 1.82 COMPARE the coefficients of variation and DEDUCE the correlation coefficient. Comment on the results.arrow_forwardWater quality measurements are taken daily on the River Ouse at Clapham, England.The concentrations of chlorides and phosphates in solution, given below in milligrams per liter, are determined over a 30-day period.Chloride: 64.0, 66.0, 64.0, 62.0, 65.0, 64.0, 64.0, 65.0, 65.0, 67.0, 67.0, 74.0, 69.0, 68.0, 68.0, 69.0, 63.0, 68.0, 66.0, 66.0, 65.0, 64.0, 63.0, 66.0, 55.0, 69.0, 65.0, 61.0, 62.0, 62.0Phosphate: 1.31, 1.39, 1.59, 1.68, 1.89, 1.98, 1.97, 1.99, 1.98, 2.15, 2.12, 1.90 1.92, 2.00, 1.90, 1.74, 1.81, 1.86, 1.86, 1.65, 1.58, 1.74, 1.89, 1.94, 2.07, 1.58, 1.93, 1.72, 1.73, 1.82COMPARE the coefficients of variation and DEDUCE the correlation coefficient. Comment on the results.arrow_forward
- Air pollutants frequently cause acid rain. A measure of the acidity is pH, which ranges between 1 and 14. Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7, whereas alka- line solutions have a pH greater than 7. A pH value can be computed by pH = −logx, where x repre- sents the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter. In rural areas of Europe, rainwater typically −4.7has x = 10 . ( Source: G. Howells, Acid Rain and Acid Water.) (a) Find its pH. (b) Seawater has a pH of 8.2. How many times greater is the hydrogen ion concentration in rainwater from rural Europe than in seawater?arrow_forwardGas mileage actually varies slightly with the driving speed of a car (as well as with highway vs. city driving). Suppose your car averages 29 miles per gallon on the highway if your average speed is 48 miles per hour, and it averages 26 miles per gallon on the highway if your average speed is 65 miles per hour. Answer parts (a) and (b) below. a. What is the driving time for a 2300-mile trip if you drive at an average speed of 48 miles per hour? What is the driving time at 65 miles per hour? The driving time at 48 miles per hour is hours. (Type an integer or decimal rounded to two decimal places as needed.) The driving time is at 65 miles per hour is (Round to two decimal places as needed.) b. Assume a gasoline price of $4.43 per gallon. What is the gasoline cost for a 2300-mile trip if you drive at an average speed of 48 miles per hour? What is the gasoline cost at 65 miles per hour? The gasoline cost at 48 miles per hour is $ (Round to two decimal places as needed.) hours. The…arrow_forwardASAParrow_forward
- Emissions of sulfur dioxide by industry set off chemical changes in the atmosphere that result in "acid rain". The acidity of liquids is measured by pH on a scale of 00 to 14.14. Distilled water has pH 7.0,7.0, and lower pH values indicate acidity. Normal rain is somewhat acidic, so acid rain is sometimes defined as rainfall with a pH below 5.0.5.0. The pH of rain at one location varies among rainy days according to a Normal distribution with mean 5.435.43 and standard deviation 0.54.deviation 0.54. What proportion of rainy days have rainfall with pH below 5.0?5.0?arrow_forwardKindly do in steps.arrow_forwardRespond manuallyarrow_forward
- (SUB-PART C ONLY PLEASE) Each row represents an experimental “run” (in this case, averaged sample of mango wine). Column A shows the run number; Column B shows the percentage of ethanol; Column C shows the amount of glycerol (in g/L); Column D shows the amount of acid (in g/L); Column E shows the temperature of the run (in °C); and Column F shows the pH of the run. Y represents Ethanol of mango wine. 1. Create a scatterplot of the ethanol data for all 20 runs (CREATED) a. Draw a graphical representation of the model that you chose to use. (CREATED WITHIN SCATTERPLOT) b. Comparing the model to your data, evaluate its fit in one or two sentences. (LINEAR MODEL; The conditions to say that the model is a good fit are as given below: To say that the model is the good fit, the coefficient of determination should be high. Atleast one the predictor variables should be statistically significant in predicting the response variable. ) c. Replace the generic Yi = β0 + ε with the information you…arrow_forwardA boat has a speed of 5 mph in calm water.it takes the boat 3 hours to travel upstream but only 2 hours to travel the same distance downstream.arrow_forwardYou decide to collect a bunch of cans of soda and measure the volume of soda in each can. Let X= the number of mL of soda in each can. What type of variable is X?arrow_forward
- Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGALFunctions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...AlgebraISBN:9781337111348Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan NoellPublisher:Cengage Learning