Concept explainers
The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The scale ranges from 0 to 14. A neutral solution, such as pure water, has a pH of 7. An acid solution has a pH less than 7 and an alkaline solution has a pH greater than 7. The lower the pH below 7, the more acidic is the solution. Each whole-number decrease in pH represents a tenfold increase in acidity.
The pH of a solution is given by
where x represents the concentration of the hydrogen ions in the solution, in moles per liter. Use the formula to solve Exercises 119-120, Express answers as powers of 10.
a. Normal, unpolluted rain has a pH of about 5.6. What is the hydrogen ion concentration?
b. An environmental concern involves the destructive effects of acid rain. The most acidic rainfall ever had a pH of 2.4. What was the hydrogen ion concentration?
c. How many times greater is the hydrogen ion concentration of the acidic rainfall in part (b) than the normal rainfall in part (a)?
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 4 Solutions
ALGEBRA+TRIGONOMETRY
- T. Determine the least common denominator and the domain for the 2x-3 10 problem: + x²+6x+8 x²+x-12 3 2x 2. Add: + Simplify and 5x+10 x²-2x-8 state the domain. 7 3. Add/Subtract: x+2 1 + x+6 2x+2 4 Simplify and state the domain. x+1 4 4. Subtract: - Simplify 3x-3 x²-3x+2 and state the domain. 1 15 3x-5 5. Add/Subtract: + 2 2x-14 x²-7x Simplify and state the domain.arrow_forwardQ.1) Classify the following statements as a true or false statements: Q a. A simple ring R is simple as a right R-module. b. Every ideal of ZZ is small ideal. very den to is lovaginz c. A nontrivial direct summand of a module cannot be large or small submodule. d. The sum of a finite family of small submodules of a module M is small in M. e. The direct product of a finite family of projective modules is projective f. The sum of a finite family of large submodules of a module M is large in M. g. Zz contains no minimal submodules. h. Qz has no minimal and no maximal submodules. i. Every divisible Z-module is injective. j. Every projective module is a free module. a homomorp cements Q.4) Give an example and explain your claim in each case: a) A module M which has a largest proper submodule, is directly indecomposable. b) A free subset of a module. c) A finite free module. d) A module contains no a direct summand. e) A short split exact sequence of modules.arrow_forwardListen ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Describe the x-values for which (a) f is increasing or decreasing, (b) f(x) > 0 and (c) f(x) <0. y Af -2 1 2 4x a. The function is increasing when and decreasing whenarrow_forwardBy forming the augmented matrix corresponding to this system of equations and usingGaussian elimination, find the values of t and u that imply the system:(i) is inconsistent.(ii) has infinitely many solutions.(iii) has a unique solutiona=2 b=1arrow_forwardif a=2 and b=1 1) Calculate 49(B-1)2+7B−1AT+7ATB−1+(AT)2 2)Find a matrix C such that (B − 2C)-1=A 3) Find a non-diagonal matrix E ̸= B such that det(AB) = det(AE)arrow_forwardWrite the equation line shown on the graph in slope, intercept form.arrow_forward1.2.15. (!) Let W be a closed walk of length at least 1 that does not contain a cycle. Prove that some edge of W repeats immediately (once in each direction).arrow_forward1.2.18. (!) Let G be the graph whose vertex set is the set of k-tuples with elements in (0, 1), with x adjacent to y if x and y differ in exactly two positions. Determine the number of components of G.arrow_forward1.2.17. (!) Let G,, be the graph whose vertices are the permutations of (1,..., n}, with two permutations a₁, ..., a,, and b₁, ..., b, adjacent if they differ by interchanging a pair of adjacent entries (G3 shown below). Prove that G,, is connected. 132 123 213 312 321 231arrow_forward1.2.19. Let and s be natural numbers. Let G be the simple graph with vertex set Vo... V„−1 such that v; ↔ v; if and only if |ji| Є (r,s). Prove that S has exactly k components, where k is the greatest common divisor of {n, r,s}.arrow_forward1.2.20. (!) Let u be a cut-vertex of a simple graph G. Prove that G - v is connected. עarrow_forward1.2.12. (-) Convert the proof at 1.2.32 to an procedure for finding an Eulerian circuit in a connected even graph.arrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_ios
- Functions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...AlgebraISBN:9781337111348Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan NoellPublisher:Cengage LearningHolt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL